Introduction

If you are just getting to learn a programming language like Python or even Java, you should by now know that code is nothing but a sequence of keywords strung together to make commands that are executed on any given machine to achieve some end result or goal. If you are a beginner, you obviously will have to deal with code that does just about the minimum to help you understand the concepts. You could then do it with any text editor.

You could write code in any number of text editors, as long as you get the specification of the programming language right. But as you progress into more advanced and long, complicated programs that are part of projects and modules, you need so much more than a simple text editor. Enter IDE or Integrated Development Environment(s). You could say, IDEs are programs to help you build other programs. There is even more to IDEs, which we shall try to explore in one of the most popular IDEs, PyCharm, for a powerful and widely used programming language, Python.

1. What is an IDE?
2. Why do you need an IDE?
3. Introduction to Python
4. Python Development Environments
5. PyCharm Tutorial
6. Important Tools & Features of PyCharm
7. How Do I Run PyCharm?

1. What is an IDE?

To expand on the introduction, an IDE is an advanced text editor that recognizes the programming language that you are typing a program in, its keywords, facilitates adding in external libraries, checks for syntactical errors, helps to debug your code, add a graphical user interface, create libraries of your own and create an executable or standalone application built from your very own code. Without getting into the background details, an IDE takes your code written in plain text, checks it through a compiler and in many cases an interpreter to establish conformance with the language specifications.

Any deviation from the specifications of the language will be flagged as an error and the IDE will ask you to correct it before proceeding further. Some IDEs are also capable of auto-complete and suggestions for optimum code. An IDE integrates all the tasks involved in development like coding, compiling, debugging, building and deploying into one single environment.

2. Why do you need an IDE?

Well, a simple answer to this is in the section above, but we shall elaborate here. If the task or goal to accomplish is relatively simple and easy, your code is limited to what is generically called a program, and at this stage, it is easy to manage your code in the simplest of text editors as long as you know the process of compiling and running a byte code.

When the complexity increases, your program gets split into multiple files with multiple objectives and turns into what is called as a project. A project as you know is a collection of activities and tasks to achieve a common goal. Keeping a track of all such files and any other resources becomes next to impossible using a text editor.

An IDE helps you organize your files into a workspace, helping to reduce the complexity involved in the management of these files. As mentioned before, the IDE also helps you run your code through a compiler or an interpreter, checking your code against language specifications. Even if your code conforms to language specifications, you would sometimes need to debug your code to see why it is not giving you an expected result. In modern and complex systems like android, there is a concept of build, where there are a lot of dependencies on system or external libraries.

An IDE helps you build a program that can be run using all the system or external dependencies. An IDE then is a tool used to reduce the complexity involved in the management of a complete project.

3. Introduction to Python

If you are a beginner at programming, you most probably would have started coding in Python. Not so long ago it used to be C or even C, that beginners used to start coding with. So why Python for beginners? Well, it is a programming language that works at any scale. For a beginner, Python coding specifications are closer to natural language and therefore easily understood. Python allows quite a bit of leeway in terms of writing your code compared to many other languages and hence a preferred choice. Python also scales up to help build enterprise-scale applications and frameworks that run many of today’s business applications on the web.

Python is an interpreted language, which allows an interpreter to run your code line by line without having to compile the entire code into a machine-level code. This makes it easy for you as a beginner to build on your code line by line or block by block. On all other counts, Python is like any other programming language, having variables, statements, control structures, data types and data structures, functions, in-built libraries and support for external libraries.

To my knowledge, there is no language more versatile than Python as of today. You may learn to code in Python quite quickly, but it is what you do with it that counts. Most of the complex logic in building a real-world system is already present in the form of libraries. You just have to download, install and use those libraries to make your own code more useful to the world. Jigsaw Academy has a number of courses offering training on Python. Log onto Jigsaw Academy to learn more.

4. Python Development Environments

With the popularity that Python enjoys, there are a number of IDEs that have come up with support for Python along with other programming languages. IDEs like Eclipse, Bluefish, Notepad, Komodo, Jupyter Notebook among others, are available to download and use for free. Selection of an IDE is more of a personal choice than based on features of the IDEs or any differentiating factor among them. It is akin to some people preferring to use Apple products versus Android, or some people liking Linux systems over Windows-based ones. One among these IDEs is PyCharm. An IDE solely developed for Python programming. Let’s get to know this IDE in greater detail.

5. PyCharm Tutorial

PyCharm developed by JetBrains is a cross-platform IDE, meaning it is compatible with Windows, Linux and macOS. Like many other IDEs PyCharm allows you to customize your workspace to your needs. Every IDE comes with its own unique features and so does PyCharm. Here are some of the features that make PyCharm stand out from the rest of the crowd.

PyCharm offers smart code completion.

PyCharm is capable of code inspection and suggestions.

Offers on the fly error highlighting

PyCharm also applies code refactoring to optimize your code.

PyCharm allows the extension of IDE through the use of over 50 plug-ins.

6. Important Tools & Features of PyCharm

While PyCharm is packed with features to make the life of a developer easy, let’s look at some of the popular and important ones in greater detail.

• PyCharm code editor

The intelligent editor in PyCharm where you type Python code offers smart editing features like the use of various colours to highlight keywords, control structures and reserved words, auto-indent insertions and smart code completion allow the developer to focus on business logic better.

• Enhanced code navigation

PyCharm offers intuitive features that help developers in finding any code snippet, UI element or source code quickly. With PyCharm, navigating between files within a project is quite easy.

• Code inspection and suggestions

PyCharm is intelligent enough to suggest changes to the code for optimized execution.

PyCharm can very well refactor your code improving on design, structure or software implementation.

7. How Do I Run PyCharm?

After a quick and short introduction to PyCharm and its features, lets dive into how to use PyCharm.

Before you run PyCharm, you have to download and install PyCharm. You can download PyCharm from https://www.jetbrains.com/pycharm/download/#section=windows

Follow instructions to install PyCharm on your machine.

You may start using PyCharm right after the installation. When you run PyCharm, you will be presented with the welcome screen, which lets you choose between creating a new project, open an existing one or configure the tool itself.

When you click on Create New Project, you are presented with options to select the Python interpreter. You can also mention the location your project needs to be saved to on the hard drive. For this to work successfully, you need to have Python installed. If not installed you can always use the System Interpreter.

In the newer version of PyCharm, you will also get an option to create a main.py welcome script. Select the option before clicking on Create.

Once you create your project, you will get a screen with the project explorer on the left and the text editor occupying most of the screen on the right. The main.py file is highlighted as shown below.

In Python, you can designate one python file to be run every time the application is run, just like in C or C++ or Java. You have to add two lines of code for that to happen. If you look at the code you will see an if condition, which checks if the name is matching __main__ and proceeds to call another function from there.

You have run up an instance of PyCharm and it is ready to take your first lines of Python code. 

• PyCharm Tips and Tricks for Beginners

An IDE also comes with a lot of shortcuts, tips and tricks to get your work done quicker. Here is a small compilation of such tips.

• Duplicating lines of code

Many times you feel the need to repeat a line of code and make changes to it, than typing it from scratch. You can do that quickly in PyCharm by selecting the line and pressing Ctrl+D. You will see a duplicate line of code right below the line you selected.

• Tracking changes to a file

While coding you are constantly making changes to your python file. PyCharm keeps a track of these changes, which you can retrieve easily by pressing Alt + Shift + C

• Refactoring code

Assume that you have used a variable called X in your code several times, maybe over 100 times. Now you think the variable should be renamed to Y. Normally you would go about replacing every occurrence of X in the code with Y. With refactoring you get to do it quicker.

All you need to do is right-click on one such occurrence of the variable and select Refactor and then select Rename. The name change will be cascaded to all other occurrences of the variable in the code.

Conclusion

What you have read through above was a very short introduction to PyCharm and its capabilities. There are several PyCharm tutorials  on Jigsaw Academy which offers comprehensive training on each and every feature of PyCharm. Log on to Jigsaw Academy to know more.

If you are interested in making a career in the Data Science domain, our 11-month in-person Postgraduate Certificate Diploma in Data Science course can help you immensely in becoming a successful Data Science professional. 

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The post PyCharm Tutorial: A Detailed Guide In 7 Points appeared first on Jigsaw Academy.

Welcome to this comprehensive Cassandra tutorial. Cassandra is a distributed database from Apache to handle large amounts of data based on high performance across several commodity servers for providing high availability and no single point of failure. It is a robust NoSQL database system for high availability and scalable distribution database for structures, semi-structured and unstructured data.

It essentially collects and handles unstructured data. Data is placed on different machines with more than one replication factor for providing higher availability. So Cassandra tutorials begin with a basic introduction followed by how to perform operations and many exciting features to offer ultimate guidance as Cassandra tutorials for beginners as well as professionals.

In this article let us look at:

1. What is Apache Cassandra?
2. What is a NoSQL database?
3. Features of Cassandra 
4. Applications of Apache Cassandra
5. Advantages of Apache Cassandra architecture
6. Disadvantages of Apache Cassandra architecture

1. What is Apache Cassandra?

It is extremely crucial to understand the difference between a NoSQL and RDBMS before joining Cassandra tutorials. An RDBMS can only handle low volumes of structured data for simple transactions. It can gather data from a few locations and can have a single point of failure. NoSQL offers better functionality as it can handle high volumes of unstructured data. It can handle simple transactions with a single point of failure and data arriving from many sources.

It is a column-oriented database, fault-tolerant, follows a Dynamo-style replication model and adds a more powerful “column family” data model. Apache Cassandra is an extremely scalable, open-source powerful NoSQL. It is currently a part of the Apache Software Foundation and one can easily get Apache Cassandra tutorial online.

2. What is a NoSQL database?

A Not Only SQL provides a set of a database for storing and retrieving data which may not necessarily be in standard tabular format. It has a simple design, is scalable horizontally and can acute control over availability. These databases are also schema-free, handle easy replication, contain simple API and can handle large amounts of data. It even shares common features and attributes.

3. Features of Cassandra 

When you enroll for Cassandra tutorials, you will gain knowledge of Cassandra architecture as follows:

• Installation of additional hardware for increasing customers and hence it is highly scalable.

• Cassandra writes and rewrites throughput faster without affecting the reading efficiency as new machines are added with no downtime or interruption to applications.

• It supports ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation and Durability) compliance.

• It is suitable for all the applications which cannot afford to lose data, even if the entire data center shuts. There are no bottlenecks in the network and so no single point of failure. Each node is identical.

• It facilitates easy distribution by replicating it across multiple data centers hence providing flexibility. It provides lower latency can survive regional outages. Failure nodes can be replaced with no downtime.

• It can store all formats of data like structures, semi-structured and unstructured and hence is highly flexible.

• You can also increase the throughput and stream data by enhancing the number of nodes or datacenter during peak traffic times. This is because of fast linear performance on commodity hardware or cloud infrastructure.

• With less impact on the normal workload performance, the audit logging operations track DML, DDL and DCL for capturing and replaying the production workload for analysis.

• Cassandra outperforms other popular alternatives in benchmark and real applications because of architectural choices.

• Cassandra is a key-value database with data stored as rows and columns and each table containing a primary key. Also, it has a limited SQL interface.

4. Applications of Apache Cassandra

Apache Cassandra is widely used. So before enrolling for Cassandra tutorials let us have a look at the applications of Apache Cassandra:

• Mobile messaging services.

• Retail applications for product catalog lookups and inputs.

• Social media analysis and providing solutions to customers

• Web analysis

• Monitoring and tracking of applications.

5. Advantages of Apache Cassandra architecture

With the help of Cassandra tutorials, you will understand that the Cassandra database tutorial has the following advantages:

• Outperforms other NoSQL databases regarding performance benchmarks.

• Real-time processing of large data.

• Addition and Deletion of a machine from the cluster without downtime.

• Each node in the cluster is identical and hence there can be no bottleneck in the system.

• No single point of failure as it is highly fault-tolerant and in case of any node failure others can take over and finish the task.

6. Disadvantages of Apache Cassandra architecture

• No aggregation of data like a relational database. Such aggregations have to be pre-computed and stored.

• No joining of tables, so data has to be denormalized before getting stored.

• Additional search clauses or conditions are not supported. Only keys or indexes can be searched.

• No sorting on non-key fields.

Conclusion

Cassandra tutorials will very much beneficial as Cassandra is growing day by day and is becoming more popular. As the data is going unlimited, there is a huge acceptance for Cassandra and there is a huge shift in the organizations from the traditional RDBMS to NoSQL. This further increases the scope for Apache Cassandra. Hence, the need to learn data modeling in Cassandra is exponential.

If you are interested in making a career in the Data Science domain, our 11-month in-person Postgraduate Certificate Diploma in Data Science course can help you immensely in becoming a successful Data Science professional. 

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The post Cassandra Tutorial: An Ultimate Guide In 6 Points appeared first on Jigsaw Academy.

Welcome to this PyTorch tutorial. In-depth learning allows us to perform more extensive tasks, such as translating machinery, playing strategic games, or identifying objects in cluttered scenes, by presenting our model in illustrative examples. In order to do this practically, we need flexible tools, to be able to adapt to a variety of problems, and to work effectively, to allow training to happen over big data at the right times, and we need a trained model to perform precisely where there are differences in input.

One of the recommended tools is PyTorch because it is so simple. Pythonic, and while like any complex domain, it has excellent features, using a library often feels familiar to developers who have used Python before.

In this article about Pytorch Tutorial, let us look at:

1. What is PyTorch?
2. PyTorch Features
3. Installing PyTorch
4. NumPy Bridge – Arrays and Tensors
5. PyTorch: Autograd module
6. Use Case: Image Classifier

1. What is PyTorch?

PyTorch is a study of Python programs that help build in-depth swotting projects. It emphasizes environmental flexibility and allows in-depth learning models to be developed with idiomatic Python. Unlike Tensorflow, PyTorch uses an automated tape-based method that allows us to define and use dynamic computational graphs.

It’s a Tensor computation library that can be powered by GPUs.

2. PyTorch Features

• PyTorch’s clear syntax, structured API, and easy debugging make it an excellent choice to introduce in-depth learning.

• PyTorch provides a basic data structure, a tensor, which is a multidimensional array that shares many similarities with the NumPy layout.

• Performs fast mathematical performance on dedicated hardware, which makes it easy to design neural network structures and train them on individual machines or compatible computer resources.

• PyTorch is simple and fast which leads to easy and fast coding.

• PyTorch can also be used to design and train C models.

3. Installing PyTorch

A proper PyTorch tutorial would be remiss if it didn’t point out its merits:

How to install PyTorch?

In this PyTorch tutorial, the first step is to install the PyTorch model on your machine by selecting your program preferences at Pytorch.org. Select your operating system with the package manager, followed by the Python version you are using. This will generate a command to perform the installation of the PyTorch version.

Creating Tensors

The tensor is both a numerical vessel with specific rules that define transitions between tensors that produce new tensors.

PyTorch allows us to build tensors in many different ways using a torch package.

Another way to build a tensor is to start randomly by defining its size, as shown in the example below:

Input: 

import torch

describe ( torch.Tensor ( 2, 3 ) )

Output:

Type: torch.FloatTensor

Shape/size: torch.size ( [ 2, 3 ] )

Values:

tensor ( [ [ 3.2018e-05, 4.5747e-41, 2.5058e 25 ], [ 3.0813e-41, 4.4842e-44, 0.0000e 00 ] ] )

We can also create a tensor by starting it randomly with values from the same perimeter distribution [0, 1) or a standard standard normal distribution, as shown in the example below:

Input:

import torch 

describe ( torch.rand ( 2, 3 ) )

describe ( torch.randn ( 2, 3 ) )

Output:

Type: torch.FloatTensor

Shape/sizetorch.size ( [ 2, 3 ] )

Values:

tensor ( [ [ 0.0242, 0.6630, 0.9787 ], [ 0.1037, 0.3920, 0.6084 ] ] )

Type: torch.FloatTensor

Shape/size: torch.Size ( [ 2, 3 ] )

Values:

tensor ( [ [ -0.1330, -2.9222, -1.3649 ], [ 2.3648, 1.1561, 1.5042 ] ] )

Tensor operations

After you have created your tensors, you can operate on them as you would do with traditional programming language types, like , -, *, /. Instead of the operators, you can also use functions like .add ( ), as shown in the example below:

Input:

import torch

x = torch.randn ( 2, 3 )

describe ( x x )

Output:

Type: torch.FloatTensor

Shape/size: torch.Size ( [ 2, 3 ] )

Values:

tensor (  [ [ 0.0923, 0.8048, -2.0231 ], [ 0.4335, -1.2245, 1.0072 ] ] )

4. NumPy Bridge-Arrays and Tensors

PyTorch tensors can be converted to NumPy arrays and vice versa very efficiently. By doing so, we can take advantage of the huge swath of functionality in the wider Python ecosystem that has built up around the NumPy array type. 

5. PyTorch: Autograd module

The Autograd is the backbone of the Pytorch framework. It helps the user to do automatic differentiation, which led us through all breakthroughs in the deep learning field.

PyTorch acquired dynamic capability with the help of the autograd package. When the program executes, autograd writes each operation to the tap-like data structure and stores it in memory. 

6. Use Case: Image Classifier

Let’s have a look at PyTorch image classification in this PyTorch tutorial:

The most important step in solving any real-world problems is to get the data. Kaggle provides a huge number of competitions on different data science problems.

Data Preprocessing: Preprocessing of data and the creation of train, validation, and test splits are some of the important steps that need to be performed before we can implement an algorithm.

Loading data into PyTorch tensors: The data loader PyTorch torchvision.datasets package provides a utility class called ImageFolder that can be used to load images along with their associated labels. It is a common practice to perform the following preprocessing steps:

• Resize all the images to the same size.
• Normalize the PyTorch dataset with the mean and standard deviation of the dataset.
• Convert the image dataset to a PyTorch tensor.

Building the network architecture: There are different architectures that can be quickly used to solve our real-world problems. For example, a popular deep learning algorithm is used called ResNet. PyTorch makes it easier to use a lot of these popular algorithms by providing them off the shelf in the torchvision.models module. All these algorithms accept an argument called pretrained.

Training the model: Now it’s time to train the model. To do this, a loss function and an optimizer is needed.

Conclusion

This brings us to the end of this PyTorch tutorial. There is much more to deep learning and PyTorch. Working with an upcoming framework like PyTorch and a fast-changing field like deep learning feels like building a mansion on shifting ground.

If you are interested in making a career in the Data Science domain, our 11-month in-person Postgraduate Certificate Diploma in Data Science course can help you immensely in becoming a successful Data Science professional. 

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The post PyTorch Tutorial: An Interesting Guide For 2021 appeared first on Jigsaw Academy.

TestNG is a framework that performs automatic testing. NG in TestNG stands for Next Generation. TextNG utilizes annotations and makes end-to-end testing comfortable. TestNG Framework generates a proper report about the number of test cases that are passed, failed, and non-attended. 

1. How to use TestNG in selenium? 
2. TestNG Report Generation: It contains two types of report

1. How to use TestNG in selenium? 

TestNG Framework in Selenium gives an option of a TestNG-failed.xml file in the test-output folder.

• Selenium TestNG framework:

TestNG framework with Selenium helps to generate the report that possesses the information of the number of test cases runs, test cases passed, failed, and skipped. It becomes easy to execute multiple test cases on various browsers by using TestNG. Usually, Web drivers lack a native mechanism for producing reports however, TestNG is capable of generating reports in readable formats. 

TestNG framework explains the way tests are coded. It is competent to handle the unidentified exceptions without annulling the test prematurely

• Test Annotations: 

Annotations in testing are easy to understand which don’t require methods to be static. Annotations in TestNG, which are always preceded with @symbol, are code lines that assist to control the method execution. 

There is a parameter called “alwaysRun” which is assigned to either “true” or “false”. More than two parameters can be used by separating them with the comma. 

Now let us understand TestNG Tutorial: what does @Before and @After imply: 

@BeforeTest: Methods will be executed before the first test case in the TestNG file under these annotations. 

@AfterTest: Methods will be executed after all the test cases in the TestNG file are performed under these annotations.

@BeforeMethod: Method with this annotation will be executed before any other method in each test case. 

@AfterMethod: Method with this annotation will be performed after all the method in each test case. 

Similarly, there are various other annotations such as: 

@BeforeSuite

@AfterSuite

@BeforeGroups

@AfterGroups

@BeforeClass

@AfterClass

Prioritization:  

Multiple @Test annotations can be used in a single TestNG. Methods that are annotated by @Test are by default executed alphabetically. 

However, if there is a requirement to execute the methods in distinctive order, then the parameter “priority” can be utilized. Parameters are considered to be the keywords that remodel the annotations functioning. 

Values can be assigned to parameters by assigning a”=” attached to those parameters followed by the values. Parameters are embedded with pair of parentheses that are set after the annotations those similar to the code snippet. 

E.g: @Test(priority = 0) 

Selenium TestNG will perform the @Test annotation that posses the least priority value up to the highest. Priority values can be in random values rather than being consecutive. The execution of the TestNG HTML report is dependent on the ascending value of priority. 

• Disabling Test Cases: 

There are usually times when there are numerous code lines that possess hundreds of test cases. In such cases, it will be very difficult to disable one test method. But it doesn’t require deleting any part of the code, instead, that test method can be disabled. 

This can be done by utilizing the parameters. 

E.g @Test(Priority=1, enabled= True)

      @Test(Priority=0, enabled= True)

      @Test(enabled=False)

In the above example, it can be observed that the test that has priority are enabled after giving the test method the true value and the one that doesn’t need to execute is given a false value. 

• Method Dependency: 

There can be a situation where we want that a particular piece of code should be performed only after it fulfils a specific condition or after the execution of the particular method. It is possible by utilizing the “dependsOnMethod”. This is considered to be the situation of method dependency where the method will be performed after the execution of another method. 

• Grouping: 

Several methods are part of the test case in the code. Parameters such as groups can be used where a group name can be assigned to several test cases. In this way, we can choose to execute the group instead of the entire code. 

e.g: @Test(groups={“MyGroup”})

       @Test(groups={“MyGroup”})

• TestNG Assertions: 

Pass/fail condition in test methods can be determined by using the assertions. The tests will pass/fail that is based on the true/false. 

Other commands/lines of code in that test will be skipped when the assertion fails. The next line of code will be performed when the assertion is a success.

• Report generation: 

While we use Selenium framework TestNG or any other automation tool, we are utilizing web applications for the performance of operations. However, our purpose is not only to perform application under test. We need to test the application, locate bugs and report it to the development team or higher management. TestNG framework will generate a test-output folder at the root of the project after its execution.

2. TestNG Report Generation: It contains two types of report

Index.html: It contains information like an error, time, reporter, logs, time, TestNG XML files. 

emailable-report.html: It is the summarized report of the current test execution. It contains a Test case message in green and red highlight, where green is for pass test cases and red is for failed test cases. 

ITestListener Interface is used to customize the real-time report. Hence while executing the bunch of test cases in a TestNG suite, implementation of ITestListener interface. Corporate environment although need more customized reports. 

Conclusion

TestNG framework has many advantages over JUnit such as it is easier to understand and use annotations, easy grouping of test cases, and test cases help in the creation of parallel tests. TestNG window is considered to be more useful since it gives a graphical output of the test result. TestNG Data provider passes the parameters into the test function that transfers distinctive values in test cases in one execution. 

If you want to learn more about Java then check out Jigsaw Academy’s Master Certificate In Full Stack Development – a 170 hour-long live online course. It is the first & only program on Full Stack Development with Automation and AWS Cloud. Happy learning!

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Hive metastore and Impala metastore are the tools that allow performing several SQL queries on data residing in the HBase/HDFS. These are easy to learn for anyone who has experience in developing SQL. Hive makes use of HiveQL and this converts the data into the Spark Jobs or MapReduce which runs on a Hadoop cluster. Impala makes use of a specialized and fast SQL engine.

Let us now understand what the Hive Metastore is.

1. What is Hive Metastore?
2. Why use Hive Metastore and Impala Metastore?
3. Defining Databases and Tables
4. Data Types in Hive
5. HCatalog and Its Uses
6. Impala on Cluster
7. Summary

1.What is Hive Metastore?     

Hive Metastore is a component in Hive that stores the catalog of the system that contains the metadata about Hive create columns, Hive table creation, and partitions. Metadata is mostly stored in the traditional form of RDBMS.

The Apache Hives make use of the Derby databases to store the metadata. Any of the JDBC compliant or Java database connectivity like MySQL can be used to create a Hive Metastore.

Many primary attributes should be configured for the Hive Metastore. Some of them are:

· URL Connection

· Driver Connection

· User ID Connection

· Password Connection

2.Why use Hive Metastore and Impala Metastore?

Hive and the Impala server make use of Metastore to get the data location and the table structure. The query gets sent to the Impala or the Hive server and then it catches the Hive Metastore to get the data location and the table structure. The query when gets received, the server then queries the actual data on the Hive table that is present in HDFS.

All the data by default gets stored in the /user/hive/warehouse. Every table is a directory in the default location and contains one or more than one file.

3.Defining Databases and Tables

Here we will understand how to define, create and then delete the database. When you create a database in Hive it is managed using the DDL or the data definition language of the HiveQL or impala SQL.

• To create a database you need to write CREATE DATABASE databasename
• To avoid any error in case if the database already exists you write CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS databasename
• To remove the database is similar to how you create a database. Here you will have to replace Create with a DROP: DROP DATABASE databasename;
• If the database exists already then you type DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS databasename;

4.Data Types in Hive

Here you learn about the various data types in Hive. The data types are of three types. These are primitive, complex, and user-defined.

• Primitive data types include the integers likeBIGINT, TINYINT, INT, and SMALLINT
• Complex data types include Maps, Structs, and arrays
• User-defined data types include structures with any type of attribute

The table data is stored in the default warehouse location by default. The default tables are managed or internal where the data gets deleted when the table gets removed from any internal location.

The data either in Hive or Impala are applied to a schema or a plan and it gets pulled from a stored location rather than the data being pulled out directly. This is why both Hive and Impala are schema on.

5.HCatalog and Its Uses

In the following topic, you will learn about the HCatalog and its uses. HCatalog is a Hive sub-project that offers access to the Hive Metastore.

• It lets the users define the tables making use of the DDL syntax and the HiveQL
• It is accessible with the command line and the REST API
• It lets the users access the tables that are created from the HCatalog from the Impala, Hive, and MapReduce.

6.Impala on Cluster

Along with the Namenode in Impala, there are two Impala daemons in the master node. These are the catalog daemon that will relay the metadata change to every Impala daemon in the cluster. The State Store daemon offers a lookup service for the Impala daemons and checks their status periodically.

7.Summary

In the Hive tutorial, we have learned that every table will map to a directory in the HDFS. The Hive Metastore will store the data about the data in the RDBMS. The tables get created and managed using the HiveQL DDL or the Impala SQL. SQOOP offers the support to import the data into the Hive and Impala from the RDBMS. HCatalog offers access to the Hive Metastore from the tools outside impala or hive.

CONCLUSION

Hadoop has grown and developed since it was introduced. Facebook introduces the Apache Hive to manage and process the large sets of data in a distributed storage in Hadoop. 

Cloudera Impala was developed to solve the limitations that are posed by the low Hadoop SQL interactions.

Cloudera Impala and Apache Hive are competitors that are vying to get accepted in the space of database query and the debate of which among the two is the best continues.

If you are interested in making a career in the Data Science domain, our 11-month in-person Postgraduate Certificate Diploma in Data Science course can help you immensely in becoming a successful Data Science professional. 

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• Google Cloud TPU: An Overview In 3 Easy Points
• Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS): A 5 Pointer Informative Guide

The post Hive Metastore And Impala Metastore: An Important Guide In 2021 appeared first on Jigsaw Academy.

Welcome to this comprehensive ELK Stack tutorial. The IT infrastructure is switching rapidly to Cloud and this has created the need for tools to secure the public Cloud. The platform for log analytics is also increasing at a rapid rate. A vast amount of data gets generated daily irrespective of the company size and a major chunk of this data is of the server logs of the company’s website. Unfortunately, the logs are among the most crucial but the most neglected information source. Each of these log files contains invaluable information pieces which make no sense and are usually unstructured.

If the log data is not carefully analyzed then this can inhibit the organization from grabbing new opportunities and also can cause threats. This is where there is the need for tools to carry out log analysis.

1. What Is ELK Stack?
2. ELK Stack Architecture
3. ELK Stack Installation
4. Elasticsearch Tutorial
5. Logstash Tutorial
6. Kibana Tutorial

1.What Is ELK Stack?

ELK stack or Elastic Stack is a collection of three powerful open source tools namely Elasticsearch, Logstash, and Kibana.

These three products are used together for log analysis in varied environments. The ELK Stack tutorial allows performing centralized logging which allows identifying the problems using web applications and servers. It allows searching through the logs in one single place and lets you identify the issues that span through various servers which it does by correlating the logs within a specific time frame.

• Logstash – This is the pipeline tool for data collection.
• Elasticsearch – This is a flexible and a destructed analysis and search engine tool
• Kibana – This is a data visualization tool

Let us now talk about the ELK stack architecture.

2.ELK Stack Architecture

The logs that are generated from different sources are processed by Logstash which is based on the filter data that is provided. Logstash will then pipe the logs to the Elasticsearch which will then analyze and search the data. Finally, with the help of Kabana, the logs get visualized and then managed as per what the requirements are.

3.ELK Stack Installation

Here are the steps to follow to install the ELK stack.

• Go to the website https://www.elastic.co/downloads
• Select Elasticsearch and then download it
• Select and then download Kibana
• Select and download the Logstash
• Unzip the three files and then get the folder files
• Open the Elasticsearch folder and then go to the bin folder
• To begin the Elasticsearch server double click on the elastcisearch.bat file
• Wait until the Elasticsearch server starts
• Type localhost:9200 to check if the server has started
• Open the Kibana folder and then go to the bin folder
• Double click on the kibana.bat file and then start the Elasticsearch server
• Wait until the Kibana server starts
• Go to the browser and type to see if the server has started
• Open the Logstash folder
• Open the command prompt to test if the Logstash has been installed
• Wait for the “Pipeline main started” to appear in the command prompt
• Enter any message in the command prompt and hit enter
• Logstash will append the IP address and the timestamp information

4.Elasticsearch Tutorial

Elasticsearch is a scalable search engine that runs above the Java-based Lucene engine. It is a NoSQL database. Three main steps need to be followed when you work with Elasticsearch. They are:

• Indexing is the process of adding the data in Elasticsearch
• Mapping is the process to set the schema of the index
• Searching lets you search for any particular result. 

There are three ways of searching the Elasticsearch which you will learn in the ELK Stack tutorial. These are:

• Using the queries
• Using the filters
• Using the aggregations

5.Logstash Tutorial

Logstash is a pipeline tool that is used to collect and forward events or logs. The open-source data collection engine integrates data dynamically through various sources and then normalizes it to a specified destination.

Using inputs, filters, and output plugins the Logstash will allow the easy transformation of several events. Logstash will need an input and an output plugin that is specified in its configurational file to carry out the transformations.

6.Kibana Tutorial

Kibana is an open-source visualization and an analytics tool. It helps to visualize the data that gets piped down by the Logstash and this is stored in the Elasticsearch. The Kibana can be used to search, view, and interact with the data that is stored and then visualized in many tables, charts, and maps. The Kibana is browser-based and it simplifies huge data volumes and reflects the changes in real-time in Elasticsearch queries. It is also possible to create, personalize, save and share the dashboard as well.

Here are the different functions that you need to perform data analysis.

• Management Page is where the runtime configuration of Kabana is performed
• Discover Page gives access to each document that is present in the index which matches with the index pattern
• Visualize Page lets you visualize the data that is present in the Elasticsearch indices
• Dashboard Page displays the saved visualization collection
• Timeline Page is a time series visualization that brings the indented data sources in a single interface
• Dev Tools Page contains the tools for development

CONCLUSION

This brings us to the end of this ELK Stack tutorial. Elastic Stack or ELS stack tutorial is a complete solution of log analysis that allows deep searching, data analyzing, and then visualizing it. This is for the log that gets generated from various machines. 

This ELK Stack tutorial gives you all the insights that you need.

It is also important to find the right place to learn and become proficient in all these skills and languages. Jigsaw Academy, recognized as one of the Top 10 Data Science Institutes in India, is the right place for you. Jigsaw Academy offers an Integrated Program In Business Analytics for enthusiasts in this field. The course runs for 10 months and is conducted live online. Learners are offered a joint certificate by the Indian Institute of Management, Indore, and Jigsaw Academy.

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The post ELK Stack Tutorial – Why Is It Important In 2021? appeared first on Jigsaw Academy.

Many programmers are using JavaScript closure for operating the programs efficiently and effectively by reducing time and efforts. To understand the concepts, it is important to have the answers to the variable scope and to understand what is closure in JavaScript. Here, variables scope represents the accessibility of functions in the program and its scope and limit as well. Closure in JavaScript helps in connecting the inner function to the outer function.  

1. What is variable scope? 
2. What is closure in JavaScript?

1.What is variable scope?

The location at which the variable is declared provides the scope for the variable. It clarifies the part of the program at which a particular variable can be accessed. It helps limit the scope of variables that helps protect the functions in the program from many unexpected ways. Limiting the scope of variables assists in saving time and energy while debugging. The scope of variables mainly defines the visibility of the variables. After the declaration of the blocks, every part of the program can access the variables.

There are mainly two places where the variable scope can be declared: the local variable present inside the function, and the global variable, which presents the outside the function.  

Local variable

The variable which can be described within the function block and can be used within the function is described as the local variable. It is a collective statement program enclosed within the block or function with the help of curly braces. These statements are enclosed within left ({) and right (}) curly braces. 

There is a provision within the function for the blocks in C that one function can be presented in another one as well. Hence, the variable which is present in the specific block can be accessed in that particular block and other inner blocks of that block. But that can’t be accessed from outside of the block. 

Example

#include <stdio.h>

Int main ()

{

    /* local variable definition and initialization */ int x, y, z;

    /* actual initialization */ x=20;

    y = 30;

    z = x y;

    printf (“value of x = %d and z = %d\n” , x, y, z);

     return 0;

}

Global variable

The variable represented outside the block but has accessibility outside the function and is defined as the global variable. On top of the C program, global variables can be outside the function or any other specific block. Here, the variables hold the value throughout the program, due to which there are accessible within any function.

Example

#include <stdio.h>

/* global variable definition */int z;

Int main ()

{ 

     /* local variable definition and initialization */ int x, y;

     / * actual initialization */ x=20;

     y = 30;

     z = x y;

     print (“value of x = %d, y =%d and z = %d\n”, x, z);

     return 0;

}

2.What is closure in JavaScript?

JavaScript closure assists is a feature that helps the inner functions to have access to the outer function’s variable. Closures help in clarifying the appropriate scope of function to save time and effort. It also controls the operations of variables that are shared with nested functions.      

A closure is the combined feature of the functional bundled with references to the lexical environment. It allows the outer function’s scope to have access to the inner function. Whenever the function is created at the time of creation, only the closures are created in JavaScript.

For using the closure, a function is required to be defined in another function and expose it, and for exposing either, it should be returned or passed to another function. Even after the return of the outer function, the inner function will have the ability of accessibility. It also assists in providing the privacy of the data as it focuses on interfacing the program, not on implementing it. Closures also assist in creating the stateful functions whose return value can be influenced by the internal function.

Example

<script>

 var a = 20

  function First_func()

  {

   var b =20

   function Second_func()

  {

 var c =20a b

 return c

}

 return Second_func();

}

 var sum =First_func()

 document.write(“The sum is ‘ sum )

 </script>

The sum is 50

In this example, ‘ a’ is describe as a global variable and can be accessed within the program from anywhere, whereas ‘b’ is described within the function “First_func” and ‘c’ is presented in the ‘b’ function, which is a nested function.

The closure can access the variable from another function’s scope; function “Second_func” has access to all variables a, b, and c.

CONCLUSION

Hence, the variability of the scope represents the accessibility of the variables within and outside of the function and defines the scope of the functions as well. The variable scope can be declared at two places local and global variables. While going to answer the question of the use of closure in JavaScript, we will say that it helps connect the inner functions with the outer functions. As it provides the control to programs in which variables are nestled between the functions.

If you are interested in learning more about software development, you can check out our holistic Master Certificate Program in Full Stack Development.

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The post What Is Closure In JavaScript And How To Implement: Best Guide In 2021 appeared first on Jigsaw Academy.

Welcome to this SQL server tutorial. Data handling is one the most important aspects of today’s technology-driven world. SQL is one such data manager that is designed by Microsoft. This article focuses on SQL’s working, features, operations, and commands. At the end of this SQL server tutorial, you will be well informed on how to master the transact SQL.

In this article about SQL Server Tutorial, let us look at:

1. What is SQL Server?
2. Installation of SQL server
3. Connecting to SQL server using SSMS
4. Accessing the Database Engine
5. SQL Server Architechture
6. Types of comments in SQL
7. SQL Server Datatypes

1. What is SQL Server?

SQL Server is a relational database management system or RDMS. the server is connected to Transact -SQL or T-SQL, which is Microsoft’s implementation of SQL that has a set of programming constructs. It works specifically on Windows software and Linux software. 

The main components of SQL are:

• Database engine
• SQL server
• SQL server agent
• SQL server browser
• SQL server full-text search
• SQL server VVS writer
• SQL server analysis service (SSAS)
• SQL server reporting service (SSRS)

Diving deeper into this SQL server tutorial, let us discuss the main two components individually;

• Database Engine

It is the main component of the SQL server. The database consists of two important engines namely, relational engine and storage engine. The former processes queries and the latter manages database files, pages, index, etc. The database engine involves in the process of Rapid transaction processing and Data Security. 

The relational engine determines the aptest way to process a query. Therefore the relational engine is also called a query processor. It collects the data from the storage engine and proceeds the results based on the input query. The other tasks of the relational engine are memory management, thread and task management and buffer management.

On the other hand, the storage engine stores the data and retrieves it from the storage systems such as SAN and discs. 

• SQL Operating System (SQLOS)

This operating system provides services such as memory and I/O management. They also provide synchronisation services and exception handling.

A proper SQL server tutorial would be remiss if we didn’t discuss the installation process:

2. Installation of SQL server

You can follow the below steps to install the SQL server:

Step 1: The SQL can be download from the official Microsoft website. On the official page, you will find the Microsoft SQL server download option. Once you are on the page, the display provides you with two option to select from. One is the developer edition and the other is the Enterprise edition. Here we are following the Developer edition in the tutorial. Click on it and the installation begins. Once the download is complete, double click the file and launch the installer. 

Step 2: The installer provides three installation options like Basic, Custom and Developer media. Choose the custom type when the installer takes you to the SQL Server installation wizard. 

Step 3: the next step is to provide the storage location details where the installation file will be downloaded. Then click on the install button.

Step 4: The page redirects to the installation progress and the process will take a while to complete.

Step 5: Once the installation package is complete, open the folder where the package is downloaded. Double click the Setup.exe file. 

Step 6: SQL Server installation centre window opens and then select the installation option that is present on the left-hand side of the window. 

Step 7: Click the first link that states the new SQL Server stand-alone installation. This will launch a wizard to install the SQL server.

Step 8: The product key window appears. In the specify a free edition column, select the developer option and then click Next. 

Step 9: Read the terms and conditions carefully and then click on the I accept the licence box. Then check the Use Microsoft update box. This allows you to get security updates. Then click the next button.

Step 10: Before installation, it checks for prerequisites. If there is no error, click the next button. Later select the features that you are interested to install. For now, check the Database Engine Services box and then click Next.

Step 11: For the Instance ID, enter the name and the install ID of the SQL server and click Next. In the next window, specify the account and collation configuration. Select the default configuration and click Next. 

Step 12: Next specify the Database security mode. Check the Mixed Mode and then enter the password. Click current user and then select the Next button.

Step 13: In the next window, verify the SQL server features that have to be installed and the Click Install. The installation begins and once the process is complete, click the OK button. The installation is complete.

3. Connecting to SQL server using SSMS

Step 1: Click on the Install SSMS option on the installation complete window. Then choose the download SSMS option. 

Step 2: Once it is downloaded, double click the file. Then click o the Install option. The installation is complete.

4. Accessing the Database Engine

Once the SSMS is installed, the next step is to access the Database Engine.

When SQL server management studio is opened from the Start menu, fill in the server name and authentication mode. Then click connect. 

5. SQL Server Architechture

The server architecture consists of the following components;

• Server 
• Relational engine
• Command parser
• Optimiser
• Query executor
• Storage engine

6. Types of comments in SQL

There are two types of comments in SQL

• Single line comments- They begin with two hyphens.
• Multi-line comments – They begin with /* and end with */.

7. SQL Server Datatypes

Datatype is the different types of data that any column and variable can store in SQL Server.

They types are;

• Exact numeric
• Approximate numeric
• Date and time
• Character strings
• Binary strings
• Unicode character strings

Conclusion

This brings us to the end of this SQL server tutorial.

If you are interested in making a career in the Data Science domain, our 11-month in-person Postgraduate Certificate Diploma in Data Science course can help you immensely in becoming a successful Data Science professional. 

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The post SQL Server Tutorial: All You Need To Know In 7 Easy Points appeared first on Jigsaw Academy.

Welcome to this comprehensive PyGame tutorial. Pygame is a user-friendly interface, convenient, easy to comprehend, and develops games instantly. The PyGame tutorial assists in grasping and perform PyGame basics. PyGame is created using c language. Pygame is a python enclosure for the SDL library that states simple direct media player. SDL renders cross-platform entry to your system’s fundamental multimedia hardware constituents such as sound, video, mouse, keyboard, and joystick. Pygame started with the need to substitute the PySDL project. The cross-platform type of both SDL and PyGame indicates that you can write games enriched with multimedia python programs for every interface supporting them. 

Pygame and SDL libraries are transferable across varied platforms and devices, they both need to illustrate and work with cogitation of various hardware realities. Comprehending the concepts and abstracts helps in designing and developing games. The PyGame library consists of numerous python constructs including many modules. These modules provide entry to particular hardware on your system with unified methods to work on the hardware. 

1. PyGame Tutorial: How to install PyGame
2. What are the prerequisites?
3. Pygame tutorial basic steps 

1. PyGame Tutorial: How to install PyGame

• Search for a spotlight on mac, then we can proceed with the installation of PyGame. Place your cursor on the right-hand corner of the desktop and click on the glass icon that increases in size
• Once the spotlight search bar is open, typing terminal in the bar will help open the terminal 
• Type pip3
• Once general options on the screen are visible, it is an indication that PyGame has been installed in mac
• The image below shows the PyGame installation

The installation begins at this point and you will have to wait for a while till the installation is completed. It is finished once the message is successfully installed and can be developed. 

For checking whether PyGame has been installed in mac type IDLE in the spotlight search bar, then type import PyGame, if there is no error, it is an indication of successful installation of PyGame. 

• Installing pygame for OS

Now we enter the key part of this PyGame tutorial. Installing PyGame for OS is easy and convenient when you have python gaming environment. Using the 2.7 python version for installation enables you to create a template for game development with PyGame. 

2. What are the prerequisites?

Prerequisites for PyGame helps in the installation and operation process. Understanding python and working on them is important. This should enable you to answer basic questions such as what you want to build and how to build. The development of PyGameprogresses well once you answer these questions. 

• Syntax

Comprehending basic syntax is essential for developing the game. These become complex over time but are gratifying. A few of the basic syntax is:

·        Import pygame – Pygame framework access is possible with this command. An initial process of game development. 

·        pygame.init () – a syntax for initiating pygame modules.

·        pygame.display.set.bmode ((w,h)) – A syntax for accessing the window where the game can be played. The window dimensions are denoted by w and h, which are width and height. 

·        pygame. event.get – A game involves sequential events, this syntax enables you the empty the events before adding a new event. 

·        pygame.quit –Syntax for exiting the program as a whole

·        pygame. display.fit () – a syntax used for updating graphics.

·        pygame. draw.rect – When the instructions or syntax is unclear, this syntax is an argument provided by pygame. A sign for you to incorporate more particulars such as color or dimension of the shape of the character. 

• Make the game more interactive 

The objective of the game is user interaction. For rendering the game more interactive, PyGame tutorial suggests the following images and music.

For adding images that can be used

Image=pygame.image.load(“name.png”)

The image file is “name.png.”

For adding music, use pygame.mixer.music.load(‘xyzmp3’)

Where 

“xyzmp3” is the file name. 

To fix the number of times it has played use the code

Pygame.mixer.music. play(0).

The music frequency of the track is indicated by the number, 0 meaning track played once while – 1

 The meaning track has been played an infinite number of times. 

• Limitations:

Though, pygame module is extremely gratifying and interesting; it has its challenges. The commands you use must be case sensitive and accurate and are usually used for 2-D games that are simple. They include shapes and subsidized graphics. Different commands for an individual graphic are tedious and complex. 

3. Pygame tutorial basic steps 

• Introduction 
• Setting-up project
• Initializing and game loop
• Images, blit, and flip
• Animal class
• Animal images displayed
• Dealing with events 
• Display of recent images
• Finishing touch

Conclusion

This concludes our PyGame tutorial. Pygame  is important and predominantly useful to possess the skill. A simple tool for developing strong game frameworks. The greatest aspect of my game is its easy accessibility, where you can conveniently install, learn and use it every day. The pygame tutorial for beginners suggests using for learning the development of video games with convenience and effectiveness at home. Pygame tutorial is about the differences between programming with pygame programming and standard procedural programming. l/earning includes implementing event loops, drawing items on the screen, playing sound effects and music, handling user input.

If you want to learn more about Java then check out Jigsaw Academy’s Master Certificate In Full Stack Development – a 170 hour-long live online course. It is the first & only program on Full Stack Development with Automation and AWS Cloud. Happy learning!

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The post PyGame Tutorial For Beginners: A Simple Overview (2021) appeared first on Jigsaw Academy.

Welcome to this salesforce tutorial. Salesforce is online cloud software that gives developers a platform for building their own applications. The pain-wrenching procedures for developing a particular application can be transformed into an enjoyable experience with the help of Salesforce. 

With its simple interface, you can customize each and every step. Once the application is uploaded to the cloud, it can be viewed by the end-users. Salesforce provides software solutions for the developers to create and share applications on multiple websites and domains.

 This is one of the leading CMR (Customer Relationship Management) software in the present. It is also designed to manage the customer and sales details that is stored in the company’s data. 

In this article about Salesforce tutorial, let us look at:

1. What is Cloud Computing?
2. Why learn Salesforce?
3. Problems with traditional software technology
4. Why Salesforce is gaining popularity?

1. What is Cloud Computing?

To better understand this salesforce tutorial, we must delve deeper into the concept of cloud computing. It is basically storing and accessing data and certain programs on the internet and not on the computer’s hard drive. So then why the term ‘Cloud’? It is just a metaphor for the actual process. It is an on-demand computing service that works on a pay-to-use basis. Instead of owning huge data centres, the company can hire these cloud networks and use them as a data storage unit, thereby benefiting both the company and the rentals. 

The two most important cloud computing services are:

• Software as a service (Saas) – This is a public cloud computing service that provides applications over the internet’s browser. Microsoft Office 365 and Google G suite uses this software.  They have extensive configuration services that allow customers to customize their codes and programmes. 

• Infrastructure as a service (Iaas) – This is a pay-per-use public cloud computing service. They provide various services such as virtual private networks, developer tools, machine learning, application monitoring, high-end database, and big data analytics. The first Iaas provider was Amazon Web Services. 

Even though the term cloud computing was first coined in the early 2000s, the concept dates back many years.

2. Why learn Salesforce?

Salesforce is one of the leading cloud computing companies that is based worldwide. It hosts a number of services that come under Software as a service and platform as a service. The interface is simple and provides a seamless environment for the developers.

 When you are entitled to a Salesforce certificate, you would have gained expertise in the best CMR cloud platform. With the increase in the end-users, the company is in great demand of skilled Salesforce personnel who is well aware of all the services and applications. 

Being a part of this tutorial will boost your career and opens up new opportunities in this technology-driven world. As numerous business is employing Salesforce, knowing the working operations beforehand can lift your chances of getting recruited. 

3. Problems with traditional software technology

The traditional software technology had to employ certain methods that had their own backdrops. They had to first create an idea on building software and then set up the hardware for it. Further installing the software had to be done. They had to provide the users with a variety of accessors and then set up means for analytics. The security had to be built for the application. Finally, they had to make it accessible to mobile phones. 

Even though the steps are few, the whole process takes up to 7 months for the complete application to roll out for the users. The hosting had to be done on the company’s own server. Along with the large time period, the users found it difficult to understand and use it. The high cost proves as another disadvantage over Salesforce. 

On the contrary, Salesforce has overcome these traditional problems and has emerged as a leading giant in the area of cloud computing. The developers have complete access to the services and can develop applications and produce it for their clients. 

A proper salesforce tutorial would be remiss if it didn’t mention the merits of using salesforce: 

Advantages:

• It is hosted on the cloud and not on the company’s server.
• The interface is simple and easier to understand.
• The complete process can be finished within a week or two. 
• The cost is much lower than the traditional software technology.

4. Why Salesforce is gaining popularity?

It has emerged as the best CMR cloud computing tool in the world due to its wide range of services. When CMR software is seen an investments company involves, the best interface has to be acquired. Salesforce comes into this equation. The security of the data is well protected by Salesforce. Since data security is one of the prerequisite requirements, the customers are assured with full responsibility by Salesforce. 

The other reasons for Salesforce popularity are:

• Partner ecosystem
• Multi-tenant Architecture
• Scalability and customization
• Frequent updates

Conclusion

This brings us to the end of this salesforce tutorial. You can now identify why gaining a certificate from Salesforce training is essential. It upgrades your resume and helps in gaining more opportunities in your career. 

Jigsaw Academy’s Postgraduate Certificate Program In Cloud Computing brings Cloud aspirants closer to their dream jobs. The joint-certification course is 6 months long and is conducted online and will help you become a complete Cloud Professional.

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The post Salesforce Tutorial In 4 Easy Points appeared first on Jigsaw Academy.