Welcome to a comprehensive SAS tutorial. Data and data analytics are the buzzwords today. There are several tools available to perform data analytics. Most of these tools are mere programming languages and companies have to invest in developing analytics models using them. SAS on the other hand is a single platform from one vendor that provides a complete functional analytics framework. It’s a full end-to-end analytics platform that taps into the knowledge and engagement of a global network of experts that provide services such as implementation, management, hosting, and support. In addition, SAS has the capability of handling large data volumes.

Thus, SAS is the full package most organizations are looking for in a data analytics platform because it combines robust data capability with comprehensive features. 

1. What Is Data Analytics?
2. Need For SAS
3. SAS Tutorial
4. SAS Components
5. SAS As A Programming Language
6. Installation Of SAS Programming/ Development Environment
7. Running A SAS Program

1. What Is Data Analytics?

Data Analytics is the science of examining raw data usually lots of it to draw a conclusion from that information. Individuals and enterprises make use of data analytics to make sense of data. Data analyst usually analyse raw data for observations and patterns to extract valuable insights from it. They use a variety of methods and strategies to assist companies in making decisions and achieving success. 

2. Need For SAS

Here’s is an example to illustrate the need for SAS 

Consider an e-commerce business that wants to learn about its customers’ purchasing habits based on historical data. To obtain the generalized perspective, the organization would have to consider thousands of records from different clients.

Then there can be some data elements that are not explicit. For example, data on customers’ choice of one article or brand over another. These missing elements could create errors in analysis.

If the above study were to be done manually, this would require huge manpower and thousands of man-hours, and the results may be ambiguous. With the SAS analytic platform, the same analysis can be completed within a few hours by a single analyst. The SAS tool helps you to get rid of irrelevant data and focus on what’s important. It will allow you to predict an outcome even if some data is missing. SAS allows you to make more informed choices.

3. SAS Tutorial

Before we begin with the SAS tutorial, let us understand what is SAS.

SAS stands for Statistical Analysis System. It’s an integrated system of software products that are used in Business intelligence. It is owned and maintained by the company SAS Institute Inc. and. SAS turns data into knowledge, which can give you a new perspective on your business. Different areas where SAS is used in programs are: 

• Information Retrieval and data management
• Operations research and project management
• Report writing and graphics
• Statistical Analysis, isometrics, and data mining
• Applications development
• Business forecasting, planning, and decision support.
• Data warehousing
• Quality Improvement. 

SAS has over 40,000 customers worldwide and dominates the advanced analytics industry. SAS has been a leader in the data analytics domain because of its unique and powerful features such as unparalleled data security, best technical support, detailed documentation, memory management, and low cost of the software license.

4. SAS Components

SAS comes with several built-in modules for different analytics and reporting needs. Some common SAS components are 

• Base SAS – It’s the most widely used SAS module. It is used to manipulate data, such as filtering, selecting, renaming, or deleting columns, reshaping data, and so on.
• SAS/STAT – It can perform popular statistical techniques like hypothesis testing, linear and logistic regression, and principal component analysis, among others.
• SAS/ACCESS – It allows you to read data from Teradata, SQL Server, Oracle DB2, and other databases.
• SAS/GRAPH – This component can be used to generate both simple and complex graphs.
• SAS/ETS – This module can be used to perform time series forecasting such as ARIMA, Exponential Smoothing, Moving Average, and so on.

5. SAS As A Programming Language

SAS unlike other programming languages is neither command-driven nor menu-driven. SAS programs are a series of instructions or statements. SAS only has 2 types of data types – numeric and character.

• There are 3 steps in SAS programs

1. Data Setup: This step loads the required data set into SAS memory and locates the data set’s correct variables. It also records the details.

The syntax for the DATA statement is:

Syntax

DATA data_set_name;                            #Give a name to the dataset

INPUT var1,var2,var3;                            #Declare variables in the dataset.

NEW_VAR;                                                 #Define new variables.

LABEL;                                         #Give variables a label

DATA LINES;                                 #Provide data

RUN;

2. PROC Step: It carries out complex analyses or functions to generate findings and reports.            

Syntax

PROC procedure_name options; #The name of the proc.

RUN;

3. The OUTPUT Step: With conditional output statements, you can show data from the data.

Syntax

         PROC PRINT DATA = data_set;

         OPTIONS;

         RUN;

A proper SAS tutorial would be remiss if we didn’t discuss the installation process:

6. Installation Of SAS Programming/ Development Environment

Following are the steps to download and set up the SAS environment locally on your machine. No internet connectivity is required for this. 

• Download SAS from the given link

Go to this link https://www.sas.com/en_in/software/university-edition.html and click on Get Free Software.

• Select the operating system as per your system (Windows, Linux, or OS X).

• Quick start guide to installation.

• Download and install virtualization software: Before you run the SAS app, you must first install virtualization software on your computer.

The detailed steps as shown below 

• Download the zip file compatible with the virtualization software you have. 

‘unvbasicvapp_9411005_vmx_en_sp0_1.zip’

• Unzip the zip file and store it in the directory of your choice.

• Load the virtual machine: Start your VMware player Open the file with the extension .vmx file.

• Click on Power on the virtual machine.  While loading a prompt to go to the URL to open SAS will appear. 

• Start SAS Studio: Open a new tab on your browser and load the URL to start the SAS studio. 

7. Running A SAS Program

The below example shows how to define a variable, name a data set, create new variables and enter the data. The point to note is that a string variable has a $ at the end, and a numeric variable does not.

The run command is important to execute the SAS statements

INPUT ID $ NAME $ SALARY DEPARTMENT $;

comm = SALARY*1.50;

LABEL ID = ‘Emp_ID’ comm = ‘COMMISSION’;

DATA LINES;

1 Tom 5000 IT

2 Harry 6000 Operations

3 Michelle 7000 IT

4 Dick 8000 HR

5 John 9000 Finance 

;

RUN;

The output of the above code is shown in the image below. The PROC PRINT was used to display the output in a printed format as below.

Conclusion

This concludes the SAS tutorial. Apart from the drag-and-drop GUI, SAS offers comprehensive support for programmatically transforming and analyzing data when compared to other BI tools. Hope the above SAS tutorial helps give you a basic understanding of the core concepts and techniques of SAS.

If you are interested in making a career in the Data Science domain, our 11-month in-person Postgraduate Certificate Diploma in Data Science course can help you immensely in becoming a successful Data Science professional. 

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With the gushing rush of data flow, Amazon DynamoDB tutorial provides a non-SQL or non-relational database (commonly known as NoSQL) providing a mechanism for storage, processing and retrieval of data. It also allows graphs, documents, columns among its data model.

1. Dynamo DB?
2. Terms related to DynamoDB
3. DynamoDB Streams
4. Accessing Amazon DynamoDB
5. Features of DynamoDB
6. DynamoDB API
7. DynamoDB Stream
8. DynamoDB: Case Studies
9. Demo: Creating, Inserting And Querying A Table In DynamoDB

1.Dynamo DB?

DynamoDB tutorial, being a NoSQL database, does not use the common structured query language. It provides fast and predictable performance with seamless scalability, offered by Amazon Web Services (AWS). 

A user first stores the data in DynamoDB tables and then interacts with it through PUT and GET queries which are written and read operations, respectively.

DynamoDB consists of 3 basic units referred to as item, table and attribute.

2.Terms related to DynamoDB –

The common terminologies related to DynamoDB are described as below;

Table, Items, Attributes

1. A table is an amalgamation of rows and columns. For example; In Student Details, you will have Student Name, Student ID, Roll No., Standard and Residential Address.
2. A bunch of attributes in a table is called an item. For example, many attributes that uniquely define an entry inserted into a table are called an item. As an example, an item in Student Details will identify a single student.
3. A single field that is attached to an item is called an attribute—for example, Student Name.

1. Primary Key

A unique attribute that is essential for the creation of a table is known as the Primary Key.

 2. Simple Primary Key

A simple primary key is also known as the Partition key, and this is in real; a single attribute. DynamoDB with the help of the Partition key’s value to differentiate items inserted in the table. Example: Student ID in the Student Details table.

 3. Composite Primary Key

A composite primary key is also referred to as the Partition Key, and the Sort key having 2 elements.

3.DynamoDB Streams

This is an add-on feature provided by Amazon DynamoDB tutorial to track any data modification events in the table in the database.

4.Accessing Amazon DynamoDB

   Accessing DynamoDB is very easy to access and can be accessed using the following methods:

• Console
• CLI (Command Line Interface) 
• Using API 

5.Features of DynamoDB

DynamoDB is created uniquely so that the user can achieve high-performance and run multiple applications that would not be easily manageable with the traditional database system. These add-on features of DynamoDB can be accessed via the following modes:

1. On-demand capacity mode

2. Built-in support for ACID transactions

3. On-demand backup

4. Point-in-time recovery

5. Encryption at rest

6.DynamoDB API

DynamoDB is a database management tool. The Application Programming Interfaces in DynamoDB tutorial are:

Control Plane

Control Plane consists of operations responsible for “Creating” and “Managing” a DynamoDB table. The operations under DynomoDB that can be used are;

• CreateTable: Creates a new table.
• DescribeTable: Provides information about the table.
• ListTable: Returns all the table names in your list.
• Delete Table: Deletes the table and all its contents from DynamoDB.

Data Plane

Data Plane consists of “CRUD” operation, i.e. “Create“, “Read“, “Update“, and “Delete” options to perform different actions on your table. Multiple operations can be done on a table. The operations here are as follows:

• Creating Data

1. Put Item
2. Batch Write Item

• Reading Data

1. GetItem
2. BatchGetItem
3. Query
4. Scan

• Updating Data

1. UpdateItem

• Deleting Data

1. DeleteItem
2. BatchWriteItem

7.DynamoDB Stream

DynamoDB Stream is a service to track data stream already loaded and retrieved into a table. To modify the streaming, the user can use the following commands according to the requirement;

• ListStream
• DescribeStream
• GetShardIterator
• GetRecords

8.DynamoDB: Case Studies

  Some of the case studies are;

1. MLB Advanced Media
2.  Amazon DynamoDB has aided MLBAM to scale up the support for games on a single day and power the queries and support for fast data retrieval.
3. Expedia
4.   Expedia’s real-time analytics application collects data for test & learn experiments to scale up to higher and higher.
5. Nexon
6.   DynamoDB is their primary database for blockbuster mobile game HIT. 

9.Demo: Creating, Inserting And Querying A Table In DynamoDB

Let’s find out how to create a table in DynamoDB.

Step 1: Navigate to the DynamoDB section in AWS.

Step 2: Fill in with the necessary details and click on “Create“.

Step 3: You can view your table being created. Click on “Overview” to understand your table, click on “Items” to edit, insert and query on the table. There are many more options you can use to understand your table better.

Likewise, once the table is created, data can be inserted as per the requirements of the user.

CONCLUSION

For managing data, DynamoDB tutorial uses b-trees and hashing. And If I talk about the advantages, it includes complete control over the data, data being accessible at any point of time, no internet connectivity required, and most importantly, it’s free to use.

If you are interested in making a career in the Data Science domain, our 11-month in-person Postgraduate Certificate Diploma in Data Science course can help you immensely in becoming a successful Data Science professional. 

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Welcome to this React Redux tutorial. React is one of Java Script most common libraries, used for the implementation of the front end. Through offering the component-based strategy, our technology growth has facilitated and accelerated tremendously. Redux is a saviour who manages the data flow from the backend of the application. This blog will explain everything you necessitate to know about react redux tutorial. 

In this article about React Redux Tutorial, let us look at:

1. Why Redux with React
2. What is Redux and how redux works?
3. Benefits of Redux
4. Components of Redux

1. Why Redux with React

• Reactjs Redux is the official Redux UI binding library.

There are UI binding layers for several frameworks, but React-Redux is managed directly by the Redux organisation.

React-Redux is kept up-to-date with API changes from either library, to assure that your React elements work as required. Its expected usage acquires the design systems of React.

• It Boosts better React framework

React elements are like functions. While it is likely to write all the code in a single function, It is usually better to break that logic into shorter functions that each manage a particular task, making them simpler to learn.

2. What is Redux and how redux works?

Redux is a predictable state container intended to help you write JavaScript apps that work consistently across client, server, and native conditions and are simple to examine.

Redux is generally used as a state management tool with React. You can use it with any other JavaScript framework or library. It’s lightweight at 2KB.

Three principles of Redux

• The state of the application is stored in one JavaScript object.
• The state is read-only, but we can switch the state by specifying a change with another JavaScript object called an action.
• Changes are administered by pure functions called reducers. A reducer allows the current state and an action and returns a different state or the same state.

3. Benefits of Redux

 There are several benefits of using Redux in your application:

• Predictability of result

There is invariably one root of truth, the store, with no ambiguity about How to sync the prevailing state with actions and different components of an application.

• Maintainability

Having an expected result and stern formation makes the code simpler to manage.

• Systematization

Redux is sterner about how code should be systematised, which makes code more uniform and simpler for a team to run with.

• Server rendering

It is beneficial, particularly for the primary render, making a satisfying user experience or search engine optimization. Just transfer the store built on the server to the client-side.

• Developer tools

Developers can trace everything going on in the app in real-time, from operations to state changes.

• Community and ecosystem

It is a large plus whenever you are studying or using any library or framework. Having a community after Redux makes it indeed appealing to use.

• Ease of testing

The initial rule of formulating testable code is to write short functions that do only one thing and that is independent. Redux’s code is mostly functions that are just that: short, pure and separate.

4. Components of Redux

A) Actions

An action is a JavaScript object that has a type field. The type field should be a string type that performs this action with a specific name.

An action object can have additional fields with extra data about what occurred. By default, we put that data in a field termed as payload.

B) Reducers

A reducer is a function that accepts the current state, and an action object determines how to renew the state if needed, and returns the new state.

Reducers follow some particular rules:

• They should only count the new state value based on the state and action cases.

• They are not permitted to alter the current state. Rather, they must make permanent updates, by copying the current state and making alterations to the copied contents.

• They must not do any nonsynchronous logic, measure arbitrary values, or compose other side effects.

C) Store

The current Redux application state exists in an object called the store.The store is built by passing in a reducer and has a method known as getState that gives the current state value.

D) View 

Smart and dumb elements commonly make up the view. The only use of the view is to present the data carried down by the store. The smart segments are in charge of the actions. The dumb elements under the smart components notify them just in case they want to trigger the action. The smart segments, in turn, give them props which the dumb segments use as callback actions.

E) React with redux

•  First, you need to establish the fundamental react, webpack, babel setup.

• Once you complete installing the dependencies, then build a components folder in the src folder. Inside that folder build an App.js file.

• Now build a new actions folder and create index.js in it.

• Then create user-details.js in a new folder known as containers.

• In the same folder create a user-list.js file.

• Now make a reducers folder and build index.js inside it.

• Inside the same reducers folder, make a reducer-users.js file.

• Now inside the reducers folder form a reducer-active-user.js file

•  Then create index.js in the root folder.

• When you write all the codes, lance your application at localhost:3000.

Conclusion

We have learned why Redux is advantageous to your project in this React Redux tutorial. An extensive advantage of Redux is to connect directions to decouple “what occurred” from “how things change.” One should implement Redux if you ascertain your project requires a state management tool. This brings us to the end of this React Redux tutorial.

If you are interested in learning more about software development, you can check out our holistic Master Certificate Program in Full Stack Development.

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Welcome to this UiPath tutorial. In the era of modern technologies, we are becoming dependent on electronic gadgets to complete our work more easily and trouble-free. In this UiPath tutorial, we are going to discuss the UiPath installation, UiPath components, various types of UiPath Projects, and others in detail that automate the repetitive tasks and convert the monotonous task into a much simpler and easier task for us. Before discussing the UiPath in detail, we need to know the RPA first.

1. What is Robotic Process Automation?
2. What is UiPath?
3. UiPath Tutorial: Installation
4. Types of Projects in UiPath
5. UiPath Components

1. What is Robotic Process Automation?

Robotic Process Automation, also known as RPA is programmed to create, deploy, and manage the software robots for imitating human actions while interacting with digital systems and software. It is a software technology that performs a vast range of delineated actions like identifying and extracting data, navigating systems, understanding the data displayed on the screen, and completing the right keystroke. Unlike humans, it completes the tasks in a fraction of a second, and it also mimics human behaviour in executing a meaningful activity without any human interference.

2. What is UiPath?

UiPath is a robotic process end-to-end high-scale automation used for Windows desktop automation. It is beneficial in reducing repetitive or redundant tasks through its automation process and hence is mostly essential for enterprises and their speedy business transformation. With the wave of digitalization, more and more companies are relying on the UiPath tool for their speedy execution of office work as well.

3. UiPath Tutorial: Installation

Getting into the nitty-gritty part of this UiPath tutorial, installation of the UiPath tool comes in the following steps:

 1: Go to the start trial link of  UiPath and choose the edition you wish to install and click on the ‘Try It’ option.

 2: A page will open where you have to log in to the UiPath by choosing either your email, Google account, Microsoft account, or LinkedIn.

 3: Ater choosing, mention the details and click on SignUp.

 4: After verifying the account, a page will open. Click on the ‘Download Studio’ to download the setup.

 5: Once the setup is installed, double click on it to open.

 6: Then the UiPath opens. Choose a license you wish to activate and then choose UiPath StudioX Preview or UiPath Studio version.

 7: Lastly choose either the ‘Preview’ or ‘Stable’ update channel which will open the UiPath tool screen.

4. Types of Projects in UiPath

1. Process: It is a type of project that is used in creating a simple blank project to design different types of automation processes.

2. Library: For creating reusable components and publishing them together in the form of a library, this type of project is required. And the libraries which are created can then further be added as dependencies to the automation processes.

5. UiPath Components

There are various UiPath components, but basically, they are divided into two categories:

1. The UiPath Platform Components consists of mainly three components:

A. UiPath Studio: It is an advanced tool consisting of the drag-and-drop functionality enabling us to design virtually the automation processes.

B. UiPath Robot: It performs the processes that are built in the studio.

C. UiPath Orchestra: It is the web application that helps us to to create, deploy, and manage Robots and the processes.

2. The UiPath Studio Components consists of the following:

A. Ribbons: It includes the components that appear on the top of the screen such as recording, screen scraping, data scraping, variables, and user events.

B. Activity Pane: It includes all the small tasks required for our activity such as system, programming, workflow, and others.

Cc. Properties Pane: The configuration regarding the output of a particular activity or task is handled in this pane.

D. Control Pane: It consists of the variables, arguments, and imports and is essential for creating or deleting variables and dealing with arguments.

• Hands-On

 Following are the ways of trying a simple project in Uipath where you would be welcomed to a session along with your name.

1. Open the UiPath Studio and click on the option of ‘Process Project’ and then drag-and-drop the sequence in the workspace.

2. For the program asking  “enter your name,” first we need to search for the input dialog and enter in the label” what is your name.”

3. Once it asks your name, you want it to display your name along with “welcome to the session,” so then drag and drop it under the input box activity.

4. Completing the above steps, type in the text in the message box, and then run the program.

5. A dialog box will appear where you have to enter your name and then click ‘OK.’

6. Now you have to create a variable “enter name,” so go to the input dialog box and enter “enter name” in the result.

7. Lastly, type in the text “welcome to the session” and use the ” ” operator for attaching the text. Then add the variable and run the program and add your name in the dialog box displayed.

Conclusion

This brings us to the end of this UiPath tutorial. Hence, it can be concluded that in this modern and busy world where digitalization is at its peak, UiPath RPA stands as an important tool for many people, enterprises, and offices remaining at the top.

There are no right or wrong ways of learning AI and ML technologies – the more, the better! These valuable resources can be the starting point for your journey on how to learn Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning. Do pursuing AI and ML interest you? If you want to step into the world of emerging tech, you can accelerate your career with this Machine Learning And AI Courses by Jigsaw Academy.

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The post UiPath Tutorial: Detailed Introduction And Components (2021) appeared first on Jigsaw Academy.

Welcome to the comprehensive discussion on XML parser Python. Modifying XML programming language in python means modifying and updating an existing XML string or XML file with the use of Python. (Extensible Markup Language) XML is the data widely used, as this format very well matches for further data customization and manipulation and is well supported by modern applications. Therefore it is sometimes required to bring out XML data using Python or any other programming languages. You might have known how to read an existing XML document and create or build a new XML document using Python. Here you will see how to modify or update an XML parser python.

1. What Is XML?
2. XML Parser Python Modules

1. What Is XML?

Extensible Markup Language (XML) is terminology. It can be explained as a procedure of encryption that makes the format of the document readable by both humans and machines like computers and other devices. The XML provides flexibility to create information formats. It also allows sharing organized data through the public internet and through private corporate networks. It creates common information formats. It is used to transfer data as it provides an intermediate platform-independent format.

2. XML Parser Python Modules

(Extensible Markup Language) XML is a terminology that defines a procedure for encrypting in a format that is both machine-readable and human-readable. The objective of XML focus on usability, generality and simplicity across the electronic world. It is a textual data format with widespread support via Unicode for different human languages. Although the design of XML gives centre attention to documents the language is widely used for the presentation as an arbitrary data structure.

The best way to represent the data is with a tree as XML is an inherently hierarchical data format. To perform any operations like parsing, modifying an XML file we use a module Element Tree. It has two classes. Element Tree represents the whole XML document as a tree that helps while performing the operations. The element can be said to represent a single node in this tree. writing and reading from the whole document are done on the Element Tree level. Interactions with sub-elements and a single XML element are done on the Element level.

• Element Tree Module

The XML tree structure makes removal, navigation, modification relatively simple programmatically. Python has a built-in library, Element Tree that has functions to manipulate and read XMLs (and other similarly structured files).

First, import Element Tree. It’s a common practice to use the alias of the Element tree.

In the XML file provided, there is a basic collection of data as described. The only problem is the data is a disorder! Everyone is having their own way of entering the data there are a lot of curators of this collection. The main goal of this article will be to read and understand the parse and modify using the element tree module.

First, you need to read in the file with Element Tree.

No, when someone has initialized the tree, one should print out values by looking at XML so that it can understand the structure of the tree.

Every part has a tag like a part of the tree (root included) that describes every element. In addition, elements can have attributes that can be told as additional descriptors used especially for replicate tag usage. Attributes also help to accept values, by contributing to the structured format of an XML entered in the tag.

• Minidom Module

The minidom module is a minimal implementation of the Document Object Model interface, with an API similar to that in other languages. It is intended to be simpler than the full DOM and also significantly smaller.

The inidom module is generally used by people having proficiency with DOM (Document Object module). Besides, DOM apps typically begin by splitting XML into DOM objects. Within xml.dom.minidom module, this is achieved in the following different ways:

Parse () function:

This is the first method using this function by contributing the XML file for parsing in this module.

import minidom from xml.dom module

d1 = minidom.parse(“example.xml”);

Moreover, after executing this code users can separate their XML file, and also they can fetch the data that need. Furthermore, users can split any open file using the above function.

Parse  String() function

This type of method or function is useful while a user wants to contribute the XML to parse as a string.

Conclusion    

Thus, you reached the conclusion on the topic of XML parser python and its modification, Python offers several options to handle XML files. In this article, we have reviewed the Element Tree module and used it to parse and modify XML files. We have also used the minidom model to parse XML files. Personally, I’d recommend using the Element Tree module as it is much easier to work with and is the more modern module of the two.

If you want to learn more about Java then check out Jigsaw Academy’s Master Certificate In Full Stack Development – a 170 hour-long live online course. It is the first & only program on Full Stack Development with Automation and AWS Cloud. Happy learning!

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Welcome to this comprehensive Expressjs tutorial. Express.js (alternatively Expressjs) is a web application software that has a simple API to build websites, web apps and back ends. The lightweight structure makes it popular along with the Node.js feature. This tutorial provides you with complete insight into Express.js along with all the fundamental information. 

In this article about Expressjs Tutorial, let us look at:

1. What is Express.js?
2. Features of Express.js
3. Express.js installation
4. Fundamental concepts of Express.js

Now let us explore further into the topic and get informed on the working of Express.js.

1. What is Express.js?

This framework provides the user with a minimal interface to develop applications. To build an application, numerous tools are required. Express.js provides you with flexible and upgraded tools. This web application is built over Node.js. It provides a vast range of modules that are on npm and can be directly plugged into Express. 

Developed by TJ Holowaychuk, Express.js was released in May 2010. It was initially managed by IBM, but now it is under the Node.js Foundation and many open source contributors. 

Express.js requires just javascript, making it easier for the developers to program and build a web application without any hassle. On Express.js the user can build single-page, multi-page, and hybrid web applications. One must be thoroughly educated on javascript and HTML to use Express.js. 

Express.js majorly handles the backend part of the MEAN stack. MEAN software stack is the javascript technology that is a part of Express.js. MEAN here stands for MongoDB, ExpressJS, AngularJS, and Node.js. It manages routing, sessions, and HTTP requests.

Continuing this Expressjs tutorial, let us look into some of the most notable features of Express.js.

2. Features of Express.js

The features of Express.js are:

• Express.js provides numerous functions that are a part of Node.js which enables the user to utilize the functions anywhere in the program. This saves time from the tedious work of coding.

• The various functions of Express.js are organized by the Middleware. The Middleware is a part of Express.js that has access to the client request, database and other middlewares.

• The superior routing mechanism which is present in Express.js helps in preserving the state of the webpage with the assistance of other URLs.

• The developers can build effective content on the webpage using the Html templates that are present on the server-side. 

• Debugging is important to build a successful web application. Express.js provides debugging facility that detects the exact bug location in the application.

• Developers need to install Node.js along with Express.js in order to use it.

• It follows the Model-View-Controller ( MVO ) architecture.

• The configuration and customization steps are made easy for the user.

• The integration process with the developer is made simpler.

Let’s get into the nitty-gritty of this  Expressjs tutorial and discuss the installation process:

3. Express.js Installation

To install Express.js, you need to install Node.js beforehand. 

In order to install Express.js creating a project directory is required. Along with that package.json file must be created to hold the project discrepancies. The below code has to be entered:

npm init

To install it globally the following code has to be entered:

npm install -g express

To install it into the file or project folder, the below command can be used:

npm install express –save

Since the installation process is complete, let us look at some of the fundamental concerts of Express.js

4. Fundamental concepts of Express.js

• Routing and HHTP method

It is the process of identifying the specific behavior of an application. It is used to specify how an application should react to a client request to a specific route, path, or URI, as well as a specific HTTP Request process. Each route may have several handler functions that are executed when the user searches for a particular route.

The structure for routing in Express.js is;

app.METHOD(PATH, HANDLER)

The four HHTP methods help in specifying the operation that is requested by the user. The various methods are;

• GET
• POST
• PUT
• DELETE

• Middleware

Middlewares are capable of performing code execution of any kind. They provide access to the request and response objects, as well as the next function in the application’s request-response loop. They can call the next middleware that is present in the cycle. 

• Cookies 

Cookies contain certain data or files that are stored in the user’s computer. This data is collected from the websites the user visits. The components of a cookie are as follows;

• Name
• Value
• Zero or more attributes

To use a cookie, the user must install the cookie parser middle through npm into the node modules folder. 

• Rest API’s

Here REST stands for representational State Transfer. It is used in various web service development making use of HTTP request to GET, PUT, POST and DELETE.

• Database Connectivity

The two major types of Database that are present in the Express.js –

• MySQL
• MongoDB

• Templating

The templating option helps in creating and using Html template with minimal code. Some of the popular templates that work Express.js are;

• Pug
• Moustache
• Dust
• Handlebars
• Hogan
• Liquor
• Toffee
• Whiskers

Conclusion

This brings us to the end of this Expressjs tutorial.

Want to know all relevant information about your future? Head to our website to check out the best and the latest information about various fields to build your knowledge and scope.

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The post Expressjs Tutorial: A Simple And Concise Guide(2021) appeared first on Jigsaw Academy.

Welcome to this comprehensive Spark RDD tutorial. RDD is used in Spark and is its main logical data unit. It is a collection of distributed objects which are stored in the memory or on a disk or various machines of the cluster. Each single RDD can be divided into many logical partitions. It is possible to store these partitions and to process them in multiple machines of the cluster.

It is crucial to note that the Spark RDD is read-only or immutable. You are not allowed to change the original RDD however it is possible to create new RDDS which is possible by doing some coarse grain operations on it. This could be a transformation on any existing RDD.

It is possible to cache the RDD in spark and it can be used again for future transformations. This is a huge benefit for the user.

RDDS are lazily evaluated which means that these delay the evaluation until required. This helps to save time and also improves efficiency.

1. Features of an RDD in Spark
2. Operations on RDDs
3. Transformations
4. Actions
5. Creating an RDD
6. Parallelizing the object Collection 

1.Features of an RDD in Spark

Here are the features of RDD in spark

• Resilience is called fault tolerance and here the RDD tracks the data merge information to recover any lost data automatically when there is a failure.

• Distributed is across various nodes in a cluster and the data that is present in the RDD resides on different nodes.

• Lazy evaluation is where even when you define the RDD the data does not get loaded. The transformation is computed when an action is called which includes collect and count or saving the output in the file system.

• Immutability is when the data that is stored in the RDD in the read-only mode cannot be edited that is there is the RDD. It is however possible to create the new Spark RDD by performing the transformation in the existing RDD

• In-memory computation the RDD stores the immediate data that gets generated in the memory which is the RAM and not on the disk which offers fast access.
• Partitioning is possible in the existing RDD that helps to create mutable logical parts. It is possible to manage this by applying transformation on the partitions that are existing

2.Operations on RDDs

RDD allows two basic operations. These are known as transformations and actions.

3.Transformations

Transformations are the functions that accept the RDD that are existing as input and output of one or more than one RDD. However, the data that is present in the RDD existing cannot change because it is immutable. The transformation functions are executed when these are called or invoked. Each time the transformation is applied then a new RDD gets created

• The map function returns a new RDD which it does by applying the function to every data element

• The filter function returns the new RDD that is formed by selecting the elements of the source on which the functions return the true

• The reduceByKey functions aggregate the key values using this function

• The groupByKey function converts the key and the pair value to a key and iterates the value pair

• Union returns a new RDD which contains every element and the argument in the RDD source

• Intersection returns the new RDD which contains the element intersection in the dataset

4.Actions

The actions in Spark are the functions that after an RDD computation return the result. It makes use of a lineage graph that helps to load data on the RDD in some particular order. After the transformation is done the action will return the final result to the Spark driver. Actions are the operations that offer a non- RDD value.

• The count function gets the data element number in RDD

• The collect function gets the data elements in the RDD in the form of an array

• Reduce aggregates the elements of data in the RDD as it takes two arguments and then returns one

• The take function fetches the first of the n elements in the RDD

• The foreach function executes the operation for event data elements in the RDD.

• The first function will retrieve the first element in the data of the RDD

5.Creating an RDD

It is possible to create the RDD using three methods. Let us find out what they are.

Loading the external dataset

It is possible to load the external file in the RDD. The types of files that can be loaded are txt, CSV, JSON, etc.

6.Parallelizing the object Collection 

When the method of Spark parallelizing is applied to some element groups then this creates a new and distributed dataset. This dataset that is created is the RDD.

Carrying out transformations in the existing RDD

You can create one or more than one RDD by doing a transformation on any existing RDD. The map function helps to create the RDD. However, the data that is present in the RDD may not be organized always. It is not structured because the data gets sourced from different places.

CONCLUSION

This brings us to the end of this Spark RDD tutorial. The above article explains all about how you can program with RDD in Spark. The Spark RDD tutorial explains everything about using RDD in Spark.

If you want to learn more about Java then check out Jigsaw Academy’s Master Certificate In Full Stack Development – a 170 hour-long live online course. It is the first & only program on Full Stack Development with Automation and AWS Cloud. Happy learning!

ALSO READ

• ETL Testing Process: An Easy Guide For 2021
• Best Frameworks In Java You Should Know In 2021
• Star Schema: An Overview In 7 Easy Points

The post Programming With Spark RDD: An Informative Guide In 2021 appeared first on Jigsaw Academy.

Welcome to a comprehensive HBase tutorials. Big data is a sector that is growing exponentially with even the tech giants’ using it to enhance operations. A very important and crucial data solution for Big Data is Hadoop. Before we delve into what Hadoop is let us first understand the others aspects in the HBase tutorials.  

1. What is HBase?
2. History of HBase
3. Why Do We Need HBase?
4. Differences between HDFS and HBase
5. Architecture of HBase
6. Storage in HBase
7. HBase Applications

1.What is HBase?

Like the Big Table of Google, HBase is a model of data that gives you rapid access to a huge quantity of structured data. A product of the Apache software foundation, HBase is part of Hadoop. HBase in Hadoop is written in the Java language and it is an open-source and non-relational distributed database that runs on the HDFS or the Hadoop distributed file system.

HBase is consistent, distributed, sparse, and multi-dimensional. Sparse data is similar to finding a needle in a stack of hay.

HBase can be used in several data quantities and variable schema and can be put to use in several ways.

2.History of HBase

Let us now find out about the history of HBase and what are its functions and features. The prototype of HBase was created in the year 2007 which was in the market in October 2007 along with Hadoop. It was in the year 2008 that HBase became a subproject of Hadoop and only in the year 2010 did HBase become a top-level Apache project. HBase is believed to have been developed alongside Hadoop and its many components.

3.Why Do We Need HBase?

Before Big Data was introduced it was RDBMS that took care of the major solution for problems in data storage. However, with the increase in the amount of data companies saw the need for better data management and storage solutions and this is where Hadoop came into the picture.

It uses a storage system that is distributed and has the MapReduce that is used to process data. Hadoop comes with many components like MapReduce and HDFS.

HBase is the leading component and because of its features, it is an important member of the ecosystem of Hadoop. It allows working on vast data quantities and quickly. It offers secure management of the data.

Hadoop can however only do the batch processing and sequentially access the data. HBase enables Hadoop to randomly access the data sequentially.

A comprehensive HBase tutorials would be remiss if we didn’t discuss the differences between HDFS and HBase:

4.Differences between HDFS and HBase

Let us understand the difference between HDFS and HBase.

HBase and HDFS both are Hadoop components which can make it confusing to understand their differences. This is even though they both have different tasks to perform.

• HDFS is a distributed file system in Hadoop and it is used to store huge amounts of data. HBase is a database that is based on HDFS. It is not possible to look at the individual records fast in HDFS but that is possible when you use HBase.

• With HDFS, batch processing with high latency is possible. HBase on the other hand gives very low access to latency. 

• With HDFS you get only sequential file access. However, with HBase, you can get random access. In simple words, HBase helps to increase the speed of any specific operation that you can do using HDFS.

5.Architecture of HBase

HBase offers a key-value column focused on data storage and this is the best way to define its architecture. This works well on HDFS and it enhances the speed and the accessibility of the operation.

The three main parts of HBase are:

• Region Servers
• HMaster Server
• Zookeeper

HMaster is responsible to take care of the administrative functions and the coordination of the Region servers. Zookeeper allows configuration of the information and a distributed synchronization.

6.Storage in HBase

HBase stores the tables in the form of rows. The scheme in HBase defines the column families that are the parts of key value. One table can comprise several column families and the column family can have many columns. Each cell on the table contains a timestamp.

HBase is a column-oriented database. The row-oriented database is perfect for online transaction processes and a column-oriented database is perfect for online analytical processing.

7.HBase Applications

HBase enhances the accessibility and speeds up data storage which is why it is used in several industries. With several advancements and updates in HBase, it is today an important tool for any professional managing Big Data.

• HBase is used to write heavy applications
• It helps to perform online log analytics to create the compliance report
• It is used when there is a need to access any random and fast data that is stored in the HDFS
• HBase finds use when there is a need for real-time read-and-write data to access a huge quantity of Big Data

CONCLUSION

This brings us to the end of the HBase tutorials. HBase is a vital part of Hadoop and it is best to go through the HBase tutorials. In this article, we have discussed the basics of HBase, its history, architecture, and applications.

If you are interested in making a career in the Data Science domain, our 11-month in-person Postgraduate Certificate Diploma in Data Science course can help you immensely in becoming a successful Data Science professional. 

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The post HBase Tutorials: Comprehensive Guide To Beginners 2021 appeared first on Jigsaw Academy.

Welcome to this elasticsearch tutorial. Elastic search is a distributor, open search and analytics engine that can be used for various kinds of data. They can be structured, unstructured, textual and numerical data. Released in 2010, Elasticsearch is the main component of Elastic Stack. 

In this article about Elasticsearch tutorial, let us look at:

1. Elasticsearch API’s
2. Query DSL
3. Mapping
4. Analysis
5. Module

1. Elasticsearch API’s

To kick off this elasticsearch tutorial, let’s take a closer look at its API. The elasticsearch API’s are used by the UI components. They can also be used to configure and access Elasticsearch features.

1) Document API – These API’s are used in Elasticsearch for managing documents. They perform various functions such as creating documents in an index, moving and editing them and also removing them. They can be used for handling both single and multi-document API’s. 

• Index API – It is used to add or update a document.

Query: PUT /<<indexname>>   

cURL: curl -XPUT ‘localhost:9200/twitter/my_index/my_type/1?pretty’ -H ‘Content-Type: application/json’ -d'{   “field : “value”,   …}’

• Get API – This is used to retrieve an existing document.

Query: GET /<<indexname>>

cURL : curl -XGET’localhost:9200/my_index/my_type/0?pretty’

• Delete API – This is used to delete a document.

Query: DELETE /<<indexname>>

cURL : curl -XDELETE’localhost:9200/my_index/my_type/0?pretty’

• Rindex API – This is used to copy a document from one index to another.

Query : POST /_reindex

cURL : curl -XPOST’localhost:9200/_reindex?pretty’-H ‘Content-Type: application/json’ -d'{ “source”: {   “index”: “some_old_index” }, “dest”: {   “index”: “some_new_index” }}’

• Multi get API – This is used to extract multiple documents from the different indices.

Query : GET /<<targetindex>>/_mget

cURL : curl -X GET “localhost:9200/_mget?pretty” -H ‘Content-Type: application/json’ -d'{  “docs”: [    {      “_index”: “index1”,      “_id”: “1”    },    {      “_index”: “index1”,      “_id”: “2”    }  ]}

• Bulk API – This is used to perform multiple tasks at the same time. 

Query : POST /<<targetindex>>/_bulk

cURL : curl -X POST “localhost:9200/_bulk?pretty” -H ‘Content-Type: application/json’ -d'{ “index” : { “_index” : “test”, “_id” : “1” } }{ “delete” : { “_index” : “test”, “_id” : “2” } }{ “create” : { “_index” : “test”, “_id” : “3” } }{ “field1” : “value1” }}

• Delete by Query 

Query : POST /<<targetindex>>/_delete_by_query

cURL : curl -X POST “localhost:9200/index1/_delete_by_query?pretty” -H ‘Content-Type: application/json’ -d'{  “query”: {    “match”: {      “user.id”: “gedalyahreback”    }  }}

• Update by query – It informs the query to proceed when there is differences between versions of a document.

Query : POST /<<targetindex>>/_update_by_query

cURL : curl -X POST “localhost:9200/myindex1/ _update_by_query?conflicts=proceed”

2) Search API – This API is used to query indexed data for specific information. They are responsible for managing individual indices. Mapping, index template and aliases. It depends on the usage of the Mustache language. 

• Search API – It searches for matching the query.

Query : GET /<<targetindex>>/_search

POST /<<targetindex>>/_search

cURL : curl -XGET’localhost:9200/my_index/my_type/_count?q=field:value&pretty’

• Validate API – It validates a heavy query without executing it.

Query : GET /<<targetindex>>/_validate/<<query>>

cURL : curl -XGET’localhost:9200/my_index/my_type/_validate?q=field:value’

• Explain API – It calculates a score to identify whether the document matches the query.

Query : GET /<<targetindex>>/_explain/<<id>>

POST /<<targetindex>>/_explain/<<id>>

cURL : curl -XGET’localhost:9200/my_index/my_type/0/_explain?q=message:search’

• Scroll API 

Query : GET /_search/scroll

POST /_search/scroll

DELETE /_search/scroll

cURL : curl -X GET “localhost:9200/_search/scroll?pretty” -H ‘Content-Type: application/json’ -d'{}’

3) Indices API – This API allows the developer to manage the indices, templates and mappings. 

• For creating a new Index search : curl -XPUT ‘localhost:9200/indexname?pretty’ -H ‘Content-Type: application/json’ -d'{   “settings” : {   “index” : {      …     }   }}’
• For deleting an Index : curl -XDELETE ‘localhost:9200/<<indexname>>?pretty’
• For opening or closing an Index : curl -XPOST ‘localhost:9200/<<indexname>>/_open?pretty’
• For Shrinking : curl -XPOST “localhost:9200/<<indexname>>/_shrink/shrunken-indexname”
• For splitting : curl -XPOST “localhost:9200/indexname/_split/split-indexname” -H ‘Content-Type: application/json’ -d'{  “settings”: {  “index.number_of_shards”: 4  }}’
• For cloning : curl -X POST “localhost:9200/indexname/_clone/clonedindex”
• For adding a new type to an existing map : curl -XPUT’localhost:9200/indexname/_mapping/user?pretty’ -H ‘Content-Type: application/json’ -d'{  “properties”: {    “name”: {       “type”: “text”     }   }}’

4) Cluster API – These API helps in maintaining and managing the Elasticsearch cluster. They also identify which Elasticsearch node to call. It can be its internal node ID or the name or the address. 

2. Query DSL

The next part of this elasticsearch tutorial is understanding queries. Elasticsearch renders a complete Query DSL that is based on JSON to represent queries. It has two types of clauses:

• Leaf query clause: It looks for an appropriate value in a particular field. The queries such as term, match or range can be managed by themselves. 
• Compound query clause: They are used to wrap other compound queries. They combine multiple queries in a logical manner. It is also used to modify their behavior. 
  • Match All query: It matches the documents and returns a particular score. 
  • Full-text query: They are required for running full-text queries on the full-text field.
  • Term level query: These queries are used for structured data. Structuring of low-level queries can be developed. 

3. Mapping

Mapping is the process of determining how the document, as well as the field it contains, is saved and filed. The two types of mapping namely, Dynamic mapping and Explicit mapping are used to represent the data. Each method has its own benefits. 

4. Analysis

The analysis process in Elasticsearch converts text into terms. These derived texts are included in the inverted index for searching. This process is undertaken by the Analyzer. The two types of the analyzer are,

• Built-in Analyzer
• Custom Analyzer

Examples for analyzers include Standard, Simple, Whitespace, Stop, Keyword, Pattern, Language and Snowball. 

5. Module

The Elasticsearch module is used to control Elasticsearch across various versions. This is done through the use of certain metrics. They are equipped with the monitoring feature.

The module is tested with Elasticsearch 6.3 and works with versions6.x and higher.

The metric sets used are as follows:

• ccr 
• cluster_stats
• index 
• index_recovery 
• ml_job 
• node 
• shard 

Conclusion

This brings us to the end of this elasticsearch tutorial. 

Want to know all relevant information about your future? Head to our website to check out the best and the latest information about various fields to build your knowledge and scope.

ALSO READ

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• Lambda Expression In Java: An Interesting Guide For 2021

The post Elasticsearch Tutorial In 5 Simple Points appeared first on Jigsaw Academy.

Go is an open-source programming language that makes it simple to create software that is both reliable and effective. Go was introduced by tech giant Google and is a very promising programming language. It is a compiled language. It picks up a base from C and C . In the last decade, there have been significant improvements in the computing world, including a lot of networking, a lot of cluster/cloud computing, and multi-thread applications. Go was designed to accommodate these changes and to overcome the challenges & limitations faced by languages like Python, Java, and C/C. This Golang Tutorial explains it all.

In this article about Golang Tutorial, let us look at:

1. Why Learn Golang?
2. What is Golang used for?
3. What makes Golang Special?
4. Does Golang have a future?
5. Is Golang better than c/c?
6. How to learn Golang from scratch
7. First Golang Programme

1. Why Learn Golang?

This part of the Golang tutorial is about why to learn Golang. Go is one of the fastest-growing languages in software development. Its speed, simplicity, and reliability in complex architecture make it a perfect choice for all kinds of developments. It is a minimalist programming language. There are no generics, no templates, no separate runtime library. It produces a single executable code that can be copied without breaking dependencies.

It has a smaller learning curve. The language fundamentals are well defined and can be learned in a single day. It is very close to C with added perks like garbage collection, structural typing, and CSP-style concurrency. It is really fast to learn, write, compile and execute.

2. What is Golang used for?

Probably the most important segment of this Golang Tutorial. Golang can be used for a number of software development projects like:

Web Development: Go powers fast and scalable web applications thanks to improved memory performance and support for multiple IDEs.

Cloud and Network Services: It’s simpler than ever to develop services with Go thanks to a robust ecosystem of tools and APIs on major cloud providers.

Command-line interfaces: Use Go to build quick and seamless CLIs with common open-source packages and a robust standard library.

DevOps and Site reliability: Go is designed to support both DevOps and SRE with its quick build times, lean syntax, automatic formatting, and doc generator. 

3. What makes Golang Special?

Some of the below-mentioned features make it special

• Go is a strong and statically typed language where the type of the variable cannot change over time.
• It has strong community support to ensure all developers have an easy time ramping up.
• It is easy to create multiple threads and multiple processes with Go.
• Go focusses on keeping the compile times down. 
• Go has a feature for the garbage collection. 
• Multi-Threading and Built-in Concurrency: Golang’s concurrent execution means that programming, compiling, and execution are all done substantially faster.
• It compiles down to standalone libraries

4. Does Golang have a future?

Developed in 2007 by Google, it was first released to the public in 2012 as an alternative to C/C and Java for cross-platform app developers. It experienced a massive surge in popularity amongst programmers around the world.

It a robust, easy to learn, and fast language trusted by tech heavyweights like Facebook, Netflix, Dropbox, Uber, Twitter, and others. The demand for Golang professionals is increasing by the day as it is an extensively used programming language in the software industry. 

5. Is Golang better than c/c ?

Golang is simpler and more portable than C , hence is much easier to learn and code in. It also has some built-in features (such as garbage collection) that don’t need to be written for every project, and those features function well.

Go is a compact language built for ease of use and sc

Go has a faster compile-time as compared to C/C .

6. How to learn Golang from scratch

Let us start with the Golang tutorial.

• Download and install go from https://golang.org/dl/.  Download the binary as per your OS and follow the installation instructions to install.
• Once the installation is complete, verify the version by typing “go version” at the terminal.

7. First Golang Programme

Let us start by saying “Hello, World!”

package main

import “fmt”`

func main() {

    fmt.Println(“Hello, World!”)

}

In the above code 

• Line one is for the declaration of the main package (a package is a way to group functions, and it’s made up of all the files in the same directory).
• Next is to import the fmt package (a standard library package that contains functions for formatting text)
• Then is the implementation of a main function ‘Println’ which gets executed by default when the main package is run. This will print our message to the console. 

Basic Concepts of Go 

• Basic Structure: Code is written as statements made of keywords, operators, type, functions, and constants using 3 delimiters ( ), { }, [ ].

• Filename: Go source code is stored in .go files.

• Keywords: are the reserved which have special meaning eg. case, defer, go, map, struct, etc.

• Variables: They point to a memory location where a value is stored. The syntax to declare the variable is 

               var <variable_name> <type>

The type parameter represents the data type. A value can also be given in the initial declaration like 

               var <variable_name> <type> = <value>

An example with variable declaration

package main

import “fmt”

func main() {

    //declaring a integer variable x

    var x int

    x=3 //assigning x the value 3 

    fmt.Println(“x:”, x) //prints 3

• Constants: These are the type of variable which has a fixed value and cannot change once assigned and is declared using command “const”

• Operators: These are in-built symbols to perform logical and mathematical operations There are 3 general types of operators – Arithmetic, operational, and logical.

• Time and Dates: Package time us used to measure and display time for eg. time.Now() Is used to display the current time. Time formats can be customized. 

• Data Types

Data types represent the type of value stored in a variable, a function returns, etc. 4 main data types are: 

• Numeric Types: This type represents integer, floating-point, and complex values. Some examples are 

Int8– 8 bit signed integer

uint16– 16 bit unsigned integer

float32– 32-bit floating-point number

complex64– float32 real and imaginary parts

• String Types: These represent a sequence of variable-width characters on which operations like substring, concatenation, etc. can be performed. They are defined in double quotes “ “. Keyword string is used to declare a string.

• Boolean Types: This represents 2 values, true or false.

• Structures:  These are user-defined data types that contain one or more data types and can be declared as

type structname struct {

    variable_1 variable_1_type

    variable_2 variable_2_type

    variable_n variable_n_type

} 

Golang Interfaces: describes the behavior of the type.

Intermediate Concepts of Go

• Control Structures: They are the mechanism to perform either repetitive or decision-making tasks in a program. Go uses the following control structures:

• For loop – the syntax is 

for initialisation_expression; evaluation_expression; iteration_expression{

   // one or more statement

}

• If-else- The syntax is 

if condition{

// statements_1

}else{

// statements_2

}

• Switch case: It evaluates an expression whose result is compares with set of available values. The syntax is 

switch expression {

    case value_1:

        statements_1

    case value_2:

        statements_2

    case value_n:

        statements_n

    default:

statements_default

    }

• Maps: They are another built-in data type that maps key to values. The syntax to declare a map is 

var m map[KeyType]ValueType  //  m: map variable, Keytype: data type of keys in the map, Value type: data type of the value in key-value pair //

• Arrays and Slices: Array is a named sequence of elements of fixed size. To declare an array

var arrayname [size] type

However, Slices are more commonly used in Go as its flexible and has dynamic size. It is a pointer to the continuous section of the array, called underlying arrays. The syntax to create a slice is 

var slice_name [] type = array_name[start:end]

            Some functions that can be applied to slices are len and append

            len(slice_name) – returns the length of the slice

append(slice_name, value_1, value_2) – Golang append is used to append value_1 and value_2 to an existing slice.

• Functions: They are the set of statements that performs a specific task. Syntax to declare a function is 

func function_name(parameter_1 type, parameter_n type) return_type {

//statements

}

Let’s understand it with an example- Function ‘calc’ will take 2 numbers and perform addition.

package main

import “fmt”

//calc is the function name which accepts two integers num1 and num2

//(int) says that the function returns an integer type value.

func calc(num1 int, num2 int)(int) {  

    sum := num1 num2

     return sum

}

func main() {  

    x,y := 15,10

    //calls the function calc with x and y an d gets sum)

    sum := calc(x,y) 

    fmt.Println(“Sum”,sum)

}

Advanced concepts of Go

• Error Handling: Go does not have an exception handling mechanism, instead, it uses the interface type error to detect if there are any errors.
• Go Routine: Go has a support system for concurrent applications. Goroutines are functions to execute the different pieces of code simultaneously. Goroutine is invoked using keyword go followed by a function call. Eg

go add(x,y)

• Channels are a way for different functions to communicate with each other.
• Standard Library and Packages: To increase the readability and reusability, code is organized in packages that can be imported into programs using syntax

Import package_name 

Go distribution includes more than 250 built-in packages and each one of them has different functionality. 

Conclusion

To wrap up this Golang tutorial, Golang is an exciting language that allows you to learn quickly while still meeting your real-world requirements. The above Golang tutorial will give you a basic understanding of the core concepts and techniques of Go. With the practice of the fundamentals, you can start building your own programs in Go.

If you are interested in learning more about software development, you can check out our holistic Master Certificate Program in Full Stack Development.

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