The Transatlantic Era (1989–2020) in Documents and Speeches
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Book Description
This accessible textbook uses key documents embedded in a clear narrative to chart the post-Cold War rise and decline of transatlantic relations. It provides a novel interpretive framework by proposing that the three decades between 1989 and 2020 represent a distinct ‘transatlantic era’.
Providing a unique new look at the recent history and politics of transatlantic relations, the book argues that three key phases can be identified:
- 1989–1999: victory?
- 2000–2010: divergence?
- 2011–2020: disarray?
Each period defines a particular set of political, economic, and security dynamics, with the trend being a gradual undermining of the strengths on which transatlantic unity once relied. These three decades therefore represent both the high point of the transatlantic region’s power and potential, and its gradual decline in a global context. Presenting students with a critical perspective of US and European transatlantic policies through annotated key documents covering central aspects of security, political, economic, and cultural affairs, it will be essential reading on all International Relations courses as well as of great interest to scholars and students of US and European Studies, Foreign Policy, and Security Studies.
Table of Contents
Authors
Acknowledgements
Introduction: the transatlantic era
PART I
1989–1999: victory?
1 President George H.W. Bush, Remarks to the Citizens in Mainz, Federal Republic of Germany, 31 May 1989
2 Mikhail Gorbachev, Address before the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, 6 July 1989
3 Charter of Paris for a New Europe, Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE), 19–21 November 1990
4 President George H.W. Bush, Address before a Joint Session of Congress on the End of the Gulf War, 6 March 1991
5 NATO Strategic Concept, 8 November 1991
6 Treaty on European Union, 7 February 1992
7 Defense Planning Guidance FY 1994–1999, April 1992
8 Richard Lugar, “NATO: Out of Area or Out of Business. A Call for U.S. Leadership to Revive and Redefine the Alliance,” Remarks Delivered to the Open Forum of the U.S. State Department, 2 August 1993
9 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 1 January 1994
10 New Transatlantic Agenda, announced at the US-EU Summit, Madrid, 3 December 1995
11 The General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Dayton Accords), 14 December 1995
12 President Clinton, Speech to the People of Detroit, 22 October 1996
13 Summit Meeting between President Bill Clinton and President Boris Yeltsin, Helsinki, Finland, 21 March 1997
14 Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 10 December 1997
15 The St. Malo Declaration, signed by Prime Minister Tony Blair and President Jacques Chirac, 4 December 1998
16 Secretary of State Madeleine K. Albright, Statement to the North Atlantic Council, Brussels, Belgium, 8 December 1998
17 Prime Minister Tony Blair, “Doctrine of the International Community,” Speech to the Economic Club, Chicago, 24 April 1999
18 Presentation by Sirkka Hämäläinen, Member of the Executive Board of the European Central Bank, at the meeting of the Institut International d’Etudes Bancaires, Helsinki, 21 May 1999
19 Tony Blair and Gerhard Schroeder, Europe: The Third Way/Die Neue Mitte, 19 August 1999
20 Secretary of Defense William Cohen, Transcript of Press Conference, NATO Headquarters, 2 December 1999
21 NATO Strategic Concept, April 1999
PART II
2000–2010: divergence?
1 Statement by NATO Secretary General, Lord Robertson, 12 September 2001 (NATO Article 5 invoked)
2 George W. Bush, State of the Union Address, 29 January 2002 (“Axis of Evil”)
3 President George W. Bush, Graduation Speech at West Point, NY, 1 June 2002 (“Bush Doctrine”)
4 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 1 July 2002
5 The National Security Strategy of the United States of America, September 2002
6 Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, Press Briefing, 23 January 2003 (“Old and New Europe”)
7 Statement by French Foreign Minister Galouzeau de Villepin on the situation between Iraq and Kuwait, UN Security Council, 14 February 2003
8 Jacques Derrida and Jürgen Habermas, “February 15, or What Binds Europeans Together: A Plea for a Common Foreign Policy, Beginning in the Core of Europe,” Constellations 10/3 (2003), pp. 291–297
9 Justin Vaïsse, “God and Foreign Policy: The Religious Divide Between the U.S. and Europe,” July 2003
10 Hans van Mierlo, “The Vitality of the Nation-State and Europe in the 21st Century,” De Gids, 166/5 (2003), pp. 329–341
11 Maastricht and the Future of Europe, Speech by Dr. Willem F. Duisenberg, President of the European Central Bank, at the German Ministry of Finance, 22 October 2003
12 ACLU Testimony at a Hearing on “America after 9/11: freedom Preserved or Freedom Lost?”, Senate Judiciary Committee, submitted by Nadine Strossen, President, and Timothy H. Edgar, Legislative Counsel, 18 November 2003
13 A Secure Europe in a Better World (“First European Security Strategy”), December 2003
14 “Technology and its Impact on Globalization,” World Youth Report, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, October 2005
15 René Cuperus, “Why the Dutch Voted No: Anatomy of the New Euroscepticism in ‘Old Europe’,” Progressive Politics, 4/2 (Summer 2005), pp. 92–101
16 North Atlantic Council, Bucharest Summit Declaration, 3 April 2008
17 Richard Fuld, Testimony to Congress on Lehman Brothers Bankruptcy, House Oversight and Reform Committee, Washington, DC, 6 October 2008
18 President Obama, Speech on Nuclear Weapons, Prague, May 2009
19 The Lisbon Treaty, 2009
20 Remarks by President Obama at the United Nations Climate Change Conference, Copenhagen, 18 December 2009
21 Remarks by President Obama on a new strategy for Afghanistan and Pakistan, 27 March 2009
22 Sarah Palin, Keynote Speech at the Inaugural Tea Party Convention, 6 February 2010
PART III
2011–2020: disarray?
1 Joint Op-ed by President Obama, Prime Minister Cameron and President Sarkozy, “Libya’s Pathway to Peace,” April 14 2011
2 Secretary of Defense Robert M. Gates, “Farewell Speech,” 10 June 2011
3 Remarks by the President to the White House Press Corps, 20 August 2012 (Syrian “Red Line”)
4 Establishment of a Committee of Inquiry (regarding Internet and telecommunications surveillance), German Bundestag, 18 March 2014
5 Vladimir Putin, Speech on the Accession of the Republic of Crimea to the Russian Federation, 18 March 2014
6 Greece: Article IV Consultation, IMF Country Report No. 13/154, 5 June 2013
7 Michael Rühle, NATO Enlargement and Russia: Myths and Realities (NATO Fact Sheet), 1 July 2014
8 Statement by Geert Wilders, Press Conference of the Europe of Nations and Freedom, Milan, 29 January 2016
9 EU-Turkey Agreement on Refugees, 18 March 2016
10 Statement by Prime Minister David Cameron, EU Referendum outcome, 24 June 2016
11 Inaugural Address by President Trump, “America First,” 20 January 2017
12 Presidential Memorandum regarding Withdrawal of the United States from the Trans-Pacific Partnership Negotiations and Agreement, 23 January 2017
13 Celebrating Four Years of Black Lives Matter, 2017
14 In Spite of it All, America: a Transatlantic Manifesto in Times of Donald Trump, A German Perspective, October 2017
15 Appendix: Memorandum from the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (Global Britain), March 2018
16 Remarks by President Trump on the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, 8 May 2018
17 Remarks by President Trump, Press Conference after NATO Summit, 12 July 2018
18 EU Agency for Fundamental Rights, “Being Black in the EU: Second European Union Minorities and Discrimination Survey,” 28 November 2018
19 Angela Merkel, Speech at the Intergovernmental Conference to Adopt the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration, Marrakech, 10 December 2018
20 Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment Ellen M. Lord and Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Policy David J. Trachtenberg, Press Briefing on US Department of Defense’s Response to Turkey Accepting Delivery of the Russian S-400 Air and Missile Defense System, 17 July 2019
21 General Intelligence and Security Service [AIVD], Insight into Targets: Fifteen Years of Jihadist Attacks in the West, The Netherlands, 29 July 2019
22 US Bureau of Energy Resources, Fact Sheet: Nord Stream 2, 27 December 2019
23 Cybersecurity of 5G Networks: EU Toolbox of Risk Mitigating Measures, European Parliament, January 2020
24 Speech by Prime Minister Boris Johnson, Old Naval College, Greenwich, 3 February 2020
25 President Donald J. Trump, “Suspension of entry as immigrants and nonimmigrants of certain additional persons who pose a risk of transmitting 2019 novel coronavirus,” Proclamation 9993, 11 March 2020
26 EU-China Relations Fact Sheet, 20 June 2020
27 “United for a New Era”: Analysis and Recommendations of the Reflection Group Appointed by the Secretary General of NATO, 25 November 2020
Index
Editor(s)
Biography
Bram Boxhoorn is director of the Netherlands Atlantic Association (The Hague), a non-partisan organization that focuses on transatlantic security issues, such as the role of NATO in the Euro-Atlantic security framework, EU-US relations, and NATO-Russian relations.
Giles Scott-Smith holds the Roosevelt Chair in New Diplomatic History at Leiden University, The Netherlands.
Reviews
"A fascinating look at three decades’ worth of transatlantic security cooperation. Boxhoorn and Scott-Smith offer insights and thought provoking questions for everyone interested in the changing political fortunes of the West and the prospect of a global power shift."
Sten Rynning, University of Southern Denmark.
"The editors provide useful insights into the changing surroundings and mechanisms that have characterised the transatlantic relationship over the last three decades. One of its major strengths is that it offers a comprehensive base of documents – political, economic and security documents as well as cultural commentary – that makes it a highly valuable contributions to transatlantic understanding and future debate."
Kate Hansen Bundt, the Norwegian Atlantic Committee, Norway.
"The book has been published at the right time. Anxious "disarray"- as the editors define the current period of transatlantic relations - seems to have reached its lowest ebb, which has been recently confirmed by the Afghanistan debacle. This solicitous and up-to-date collection of documents on the last 30 years allows us to look at its developments from a distance. The editors’ scrupulous work enables us not only not to judge the Alliance under the influence of current events, but most of all to better reflect on its future, embracing its immutable goal - caring for world peace and security in front of Russia’s and China’s expected belligerent actions. "
Lukasz Jurczyszyn, Polish Institute of International Affairs (PISM) Brussels Office, Belgium.
"Bram Boxhoorn and Giles Scott-Smith have done scholars and students of transatlantic relations the world over an incredible favor. The documents they have compiled capture the optimism inherent in the early days of the post-Cold War era and convey the, perhaps inevitable, tragedy in the subsequent decisions that have prompted talk of the end of the transatlantic partnership. The Transatlantic Era is an both an invaluable tool for research and the classroom, and an invitation to ask whether we could have chosen differently."
James M. Lindsay, Council on Foreign Relations, USA.