World Heritage
Concepts, Management and Conservation

Table of Contents

Introduction

1. The Invention of World Heritage

1. A Brief History of Heritage Protection in the 19^th Century
2. Cultural Heritage Protection in the 20^th Century
3. Protecting National Heritage in the 20^th Century
4. The World Heritage Convention
5. Filling the Gaps

1. Redefining ‘Heritage’ to be More Internationally Inclusive
2. A Global Strategy to ‘Level-Up’ the List
3. Acknowledging Intangible Heritage
4. Introducing Cultural Landscapes

6. Summing Up

2. Implementing the World Heritage Convention

1. Operational Guidelines

1. Who is Involved?
2. The Process: Nomination and Inscription
3. Defining the Boundaries
4. The Management Plan
5. Monitoring the State of Conservation
6. Understanding the Relationship Between Inscription and Other Designations

2. Emerging Trends in Inscription

1. Transboundary Properties
2. Serial Nominations
3. Transnational Serial Nominations

3. The Politicisation of Decision Making
4. Conclusion

3. World Heritage as an Instrument of International Politics

1. Introduction
2. Embedding Complexity Within World Heritage Inscription
3. Mixed Messages – Responses to Heritage Destruction
4. Responses to Ongoing Conflict
5. Wider Politics at Play within World Heritage
6. Conclusion

4. Managing Major Threats to Cultural and National Heritage Sites

1. Introduction
2. Planning for, and Responding to, Natural Disaster
3. Changing Approaches to Disaster Risk Management
4. Politics of Disaster
5. Conclusion

5. Urbanisation and Development

1. Introduction
2. Urban Pressures
3. The Historic Urban Landscape
4. Concluding Remarks

6. World Heritage and Climate Change

1. Introduction
2. What is Climate Change?
3. Climate Change and Cultural Properties

1. Impacts of Climate Change on Cultural Properties
2. Responding to these Challenges

4. Climate Change and Natural Heritage

1. Terrestrial Natural Heritage
2. Marine Natural Heritage

5. Engaging Communities in Tackling the Causes and Impacts of Climate Change at Heritage Properties
6. Conclusion

7. Managing Threats to Marine Heritage Sites and Protected Areas

1. Introduction
2. Development Pressures
3. Disturbance to Species
4. Pollution of Marine Areas

1. Pollution Flowing Downriver and Out to Sea
2. Marine Plastics
3. Waste Discharges at Sea

5. Managing Marine Heritage Sites – Best Practice

8. Benefits of World Heritage Site Status

1. Introduction
2. Civic Pride and Social Capital
3. Learning and Education

1. UNESCO’s Own Education Initiatives for World Heritage
2. Volunteering as a Tool for Increasing Engagement with World Heritage

4. Tourism
5. Regeneration
6. Concluding Remarks

9. Managing Tourism Pressures at WHS

1. Introduction
2. Visitor Impacts on Natural Heritage Sites

1. Introduction
2. Pollution and Littering
3. Damage to Vegetation
4. Spreading Alien Species
5. Disturbance to Wildlife

3. Visitor Impacts on Cultural Heritage Properties

1. Opening Comments
2. Accidental Damage/Wear and Tear
3. Change to Micro-climate
4. Dust
5. Littering
6. Theft of Artefacts, Building Fabric
7. Graffiti, Vndalism and Other Deliberate Damage

4. Tourism Pressures in Historic Towns and Cities

1. Introduction
2. Traffic Management
3. Walking Tours in Historic Cities

5. Key Concepts in Visitor Management Planning
6. Summing up

10. Presenting and Interpreting World Heritage

1. Introduction
2. The Ename Charter
3. Presenting and Interpreting World Heritage

1. The Conventional View of Heritage Interpretation
2. Critiques of Tilden
3. ‘Hot’ Interpretation
4. Uses of Interpretation
5. Interpretation as a Tool of Soft Visitor Management
6. Hard Visitor Management
7. Interpretation as Propaganda
8. Adding Value Through Interpretation

4. Delivering Effective Interpretation
5. Interpretive Tools

1. Introduction
2. Reconstructions as an Interpretive Tool
3. The Tour Guide

6. Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality: An Introduction
7. Applications of AR and VR in Presenting and Interpreting World Heritage

1. Introduction
2. Offsite use of AR and VR
3. Onsite use of AR and VR
4. Routes and Tours
5. Games

8. Concluding Remarks

11. World Heritage and Sustainable Development Goals

1. Introduction
2. The Heritage Sector and Sustainability
3. A Short History of Global Efforts to Promote Sustainable Development

1. 1972 UN Conference on the Environment and Sustainable Development
2. 1987 Brundtland Report
3. 1992 Rio Earth Summit and Agenda 21
4. 1997 UNWTO, WTTC and Earth Council Response to Agenda 21
5. 1999 Global Code of Ethics for Tourism
6. 2000 Millenium Declaration and the MDGs
7. 2002 Johannesburg Summit on Sustainable Development and the First International Conference on Responsible Tourism in Destinations in Cape Town
8. 2007 UNWTO Davos Declaration
9. 2012 Rio+20
10. 2015 UN Sustainable Development Summit, New York

4. WHS as Vectors for Sustainable Development
5. Case Studies of Using WHS Management Activities to Support the SDGs

1. SDG 1: No Poverty
2. SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities
3. SDG 13: Climate Action

11.6: Concluding Remarks on World Heritage and the SDGs

12. What of the Future?

1. Introduction
2. The Future of Heritage Protection
3. Decolonising Heritage and Shifting Narratives
4. External Challenges for World Heritage Sites
5. Utilising New Technologies to Manage, Present and Interpret World Heritage
6. Concluding Remarks